110 Hate Speech Ignited: Understanding Hate Speech in Myanmar To Civil Society „ Monitor and counter hate speech by state and non-state actors; „ Raise public awareness to combat hate speech by highlighting its harmful narratives, its drivers and root causes, how such speech is disseminated, and the impact of such speech on ethnic and religious minority communities and society more generally; and „ Hold consultations and trainings on the impact of hate speech in Myanmar and support efforts to promote tolerance and peaceful coexistence. To the International Community „ Urge the Myanmar government and military to adopt and implement the above recommendations; „ Support local CSOs and HRDs who work to monitor and counter the harms of hate speech and ultranationalism; and „ Implement the recommendations made by UN Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar in its reports in 2018 and 2019; and „ Support ongoing international accountability efforts, including at the International Court of Justice and International Criminal Court for gross human rights violations and atrocities. To Social Media Platforms, Telecommunication Companies, and Other Businesses Operating in Myanmar „ Ensure business practices in Myanmar adhere to human rights standards, including the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, particularly with regards to avoiding, mitigating, and addressing adverse human rights impacts; „ Make sure that business operations/products do not facilitate hate speech or incitement of violence; „ Consider the adverse human rights impacts that may directly or indirectly result from operat- ing in Myanmar and conduct due diligence to mitigate any risks; if operations cannot ensure adequate human rights protections, withdraw operations from the country to ensure they do not contribute to further harm and avoid being complicit in abuses; „ Rigorously and independently monitor speech that calls for or incites unlawful activity in accordance with international laws and standards, preserving digital copies of such content for the eventual use by domestic or international accountability mechanisms, including the Independent Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar, International Court of Justice, and International Criminal Court; „ Provide digital literacy training for Myanmar users and consult with local CSOs and HRDs, particularly with those advocating for protection of human rights and monitoring hate speech, to combat and respond effectively to new hate speech trends;