didn’t own a mobile phone in 2016. The main reason stated by the respondents for the lack of ownership was that they could not afford a handset (43%), followed closely by the perception that they didn’t need one (41%). The proportion of respondents who stated that they didn’t need a phone increased since 2015, perhaps in the line with the notion that those who aspired to buy a phone in the past have already got connected. Computer use was low in Myanmar; only three percent of the population of 15 to 65-year-olds had ever used a computer in 2016. Among these, an already small group of computer users, only 16% had accessed the Internet within the day. Therefore, smartphones were the primary mode of accessing the Internet. The data showed that 78% of mobile owners used smartphones in 2016. The gender gap in smartphone ownership among mobile owners was a mere one percent. Smartphone ownership penetration in rural areas has increased however, leading to a reduction in the urban-rural gap in smartphone penetration was still highest among the younger cohorts with 93% of mobile owners in the 15-24 agegroup owning smartphones, but older cohorts are also catching up. However, only 47% of mobile owners used mobile data services. Accessing Facebook was a common use of the mobile phone, with 35% of mobile owners claiming they use it; 21% accessed it daily. Significant growth in the use of phones for instant messaging and making Internet calls has been observed since 2015. Community news, weather information and national news were the top three information needs in Myanmar, consistent with the results in 2015. Face-to-face conversations were the most common mode of getting information, followed by calls via mobile phones (15%) and the Internet (9%). A shift from the use of mobile phones to the Internet for this purpose was observed between 2015 and 2016. large improvement in social and familial relations with the use of mobile phones. Concerns on mobile access and use remained, particularly regarding the costs associated with mobile phones and the risk of children being exposed to inappropriate content. Digital skills among mobile handset owners were low. Only a fifth of mobile owners were able to search for information, install applications, create log-in details, locate and adjust settings on an application or post information online by themselves. However, the ability to carry out these tasks improved with the help of another individual. The ability to act or contact others in the case of an emergency was the biggest perceived improvement of using mobile phones. Users also saw a comparatively ICTs in Myanmar: 2016 15