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SERIES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the European Research Council for the
research project, “Computational Propaganda: Investigating the Impact of Algorithms and Bots
on Political Discourse in Europe,” Proposal 648311, 2015-2020, Philip N Howard, Principal
Investigator. Additional support for this study has been provided by the Ford Foundation and
the Open Society Foundation. Project activities were approved by the University of Oxford’s
Research Ethics Committee (CUREC OII C1A15-044). Any opinions, findings and conclusions or
recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily
reflect the views of the funders or Oxford University.
For their assistance and advice on this research, we are grateful to Maud Barrett, Beatriz Kira,
Cailean Osborne, Jan Rau and Julia Slupska for collecting the preliminary data and drafting
country profiles about social media manipulation for the countries outlined in this report. We are
also extremely grateful to Dan Arnaudo, Nicole Au, Crofton Black, Ingrid Brodnig, Chipo Dendre,
Monika Glowacki, Dean Jackson, Bence Kollanyi, Andreas Krieg, Vidya Narayana, Lisa-Maria
Neudert, Sarah Oh, Anna Pleshakova, Akin Unver, and Syddharth Venkataramakrishnan, as well
as the many anonymous experts we consulted for this project. Their country-specific expertise
and networks were essential for ensuring the reliability and validity of our data. We thank them
for their time and assistance in reviewing country profiles, and for providing us with additional
sources, citations and data-points to include in this report.
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