Table 2: Social Media Manipulation Strategies: Messaging and Valence
Country
Fake Account
Type
Pro-Government
or Party Messages
Attacks on the
Opposition
Distracting or
Neutral Messages
Trolling or
Harassment
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Brazil
Cambodia
China
Colombia
Cuba
Czech Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
Germany
Hungary
India
Iran
Israel
Italy
Kenya
Kyrgyzstan
Malaysia
Mexico
Myanmar
Netherlands
Nigeria
North Korea
Pakistan
Philippines
Poland
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Serbia
South Africa
South Korea
Syria
Taiwan
Thailand
Turkey
Ukraine
UAE
United Kingdom
United States
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zimbabwe
Source: Authors’ evaluations based on data collected. Note: This table reports on the messaging and valence strategies of
cyber troops. A filled box indicates evidence found. For fake account types: = human accounts;
= automated accounts
= cyborg accounts; /
/
= no evidence found.
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