Table 1: Organizational Form and Prevalence of Social Media Manipulation Country Year of First Government Politicians Private Report Agencies and parties contractors Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Brazil Cambodia China Colombia Cuba Czech Republic Ecuador Egypt Germany Hungary India Iran Israel Italy Kenya Kyrgyzstan Malaysia Mexico Myanmar Netherlands Nigeria North Korea Pakistan Philippines Poland Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia South Africa South Korea Syria Taiwan Thailand Turkey Ukraine UAE United Kingdom United States Venezuela Vietnam Zimbabwe Civil Society Organizations Citizens and Influencers 2017 2012 2017 2013 2005 2011 2013 2010 2016 2011 2016 2017 2017 2014 2016 2016 2010 2013 2012 2008 2016 2013 2015 2008 2014 2016 2017 2007 2013 2017 2016 2015 2012 2013 2016 2016 2013 2011 2010 2017 2013 2014 2012 2014 2008 2015 2013 2018 Source: Authors’ evaluations based on data collected. Note: This table reports on the types of political actors using social media influence operations, and the number of examples of those organizations found. For government agencies, political parties, civil society groups, and private contractors,  = one organization found,  = two organizations found,  = three or more organizations found. Since it is difficult to assess the number of individual citizens using these tools, evidence of citizen use is indicated by .