doxxing, cyber harassment, and physical violence. In March 2019, Aamir Liaquat, a Member of the National Assembly from the then-ruling Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaf (PTI) party, called for an investigation into the funding of the Aurat March. He accused the event and its organizers of trying to portray a negative image of Pakistan.152 Students from the Lal-Masjid-affiliated Jamia Hafsa madrassa and the banned Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat group both claimed responsibility for defacing a mural painted in support of the Aurat Azadi March in Islamabad. Subsequently, members of Jamia Hafsa attacked the march.153 VIDEOS AND PHOTOS OF THE MARCH BANNERS AND SLOGANS WERE MANIPULATED TO “PROVE” THAT THE PARTICIPANTS RAISED BLASPHEMOUS SLOGANS. MANY RIGHT-WING PERSONALITIES IMPLIED THE ACCUSATIONS THROUGH YOUTUBE CHANNELS AND FACEBOOK . The backlash escalated in 2020, when the Aurat Azadi March in Islamabad was violently attacked by affiliates of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Pakistan (JUI), a fundamentalist party, and Lal Masjid, who hurled rocks, shoes, bottles, and chili powder at the demonstrators.154 In 2021, the Aurat march faced an online disinformation155 campaign with several x (previously known as Twitter) hashtags accusing the organisers of receiving foreign funds to promote “Western agendas” and that the marches were anti-Islamic. Videos and photos of the march banners and slogans were manipulated to “prove” that the participants raised blasphemous slogans. Many right-wing personalities implied the accusations through YouTube channels and Facebook. Following these accusations, a statement of intimidation was issued by Tehreek-eTaliban-e-Pakistan (TTP) – the Pakistani Taliban – saying, “Fix your ways, there are still many young Muslims here who know how to protect Islam and the boundaries set by Allah.”156 152 Dawn. (2021). Aurat March organisers reject ‘baseless allegations’ about ‘obscenity’, foreign funding. Dawn, 20 March. https://www.dawn.com/news/1613626 153 Dawn. (2020). Students from Jamia Hafsa deface Aurat Azadi March mural in Islamabad. Dawn, 9 March. https:// www.dawn.com/news/1538478 154 Daily Times. (2020). When you have to stone us into submission. Daily Times, 11 March. https://dailytimes.com. pk/576223/when-you-have-to-stone-us-into-submission/ 155 suPWR. (2021). Online disinformation: a weapon to silence feminists https://supwr.org/2021/10/11/online-disinformation-a-weapon-to-silence-feminists/ 156 The Express Tribune. (2021) Fix your ways: Taliban threaten organisers of Aurat march. The Express Tribune, 13 March. https://tribune.com.pk/story/2289084/fix-your-ways-taliban-threaten-organisers-of-aurat-march 46