as Modi’s government revoked Jammu and Kashmir’s semi-autonomous status. The Indian government claimed this would bring economic and social development to the Valley.121 Also in India, the Forest Conservation (Amendment) Bill was introduced in 2023, which amends the 1980 Forest Conservation Act (FCA), with experts noting that the Bill is “shot through with broad exemptions, lack of definitions and a centralizing tendency,” leaving the government with plenty of access to national forests and the ability to hand them over to private contractors, or use them for “national security” purposes.122 The amendment excludes gram sabhas – elected village councils – and Indigenous people from forest clearance processes, despite them safeguarding and protecting these regions for generations.123 EXTRACTIVISM AND PRIVATIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES, APPROXIMATELY 3.1 MILLION HECTARES OF LAND HAVE BEEN TARGETED BY MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS AND FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS. The World Economic Forum reports that “Nineteen of the 25 cities most exposed to a one-metre sea-level rise are in Asia, seven in the Philippines alone”.124 This is the heavy cost of large scale land-grabbing through corporate investments and trade policies. In the Philippines, approximately 3.1 million hectares of land have been targeted by multinational corporations and foreign governments.125 In Indonesia, agrarian conflicts increased under current President Jokowi, where private investors were heavily prioritized over local communities and ecological protection.126 In West Papua, deforestation acts as the 121 Scroll.in. (2020, August 5). What exactly did the August 5 decisions achieve in Jammu and Kashmir? https://scroll. in/article/969452/what-exactly-did-the-august-5-decisions-achieve-in-jammu-and-kashmir 122 Hasan, Z. (2023). The amended green law is full of red flags: Forests (Amendment) Act 2023.” Supreme Court Observer. https://www.scobserver.in/journal/the-amended-green-law-is-full-of-red-flags-forests-amendment-act-2023/ 123 Ibid. 124 Hicks, R. (2021). Southeast Asia to bear the brunt of worsening global climate, IPCC warns. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/08/southeast-asi-weather-extremes-global-warming-2030-ipcc-report/ 125 Spheres of Influence. (n.d.). The Struggle Over Territorial Sovereignty: Land Grabbing in the Philippines. https:// spheresofinfluence.ca/the-struggle-over-territorial-sovereignty-land-grabbing-in-the-philippines/ 126 ng, H. N. (2024). Jokowi’s land reform agenda stalls as conflicts nearly double, report shows. Mongabay. https:// news.mongabay.com/2024/01/jokowis-land-reform-agenda-stalls-as-conflicts-nearly-double-report-shows/ 40