174 “Myanmar: Junta Tribunals Impose 65 Death Sentences,” Human Rights Watch, July 21, 2021, https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/07/21/myanmar-junta-tribunals-impose-65-death-sentences. 175 “Printing and Publishing Law,” Free Expression Myanmar, March 14, 2014, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wpcontent/uploads/2017/02/Printing-and-Publishing-Law-EN.pdf. 176 https://thediplomat.com/2021/12/myanmars-media-adapts-to-the-worlds-harshest-oppression/ Discussions with medai freedom defenders, March 16, 2022. 177 Jared Downing, “Journalism in Myanmar: “An Apocalypse for The Media,”” Nieman Reports, June 18, 2021, https://niemanreports.org/articles/journalism-in-myanmar-an-apocalypse-for-the-media/. 178 "2021.03.11 Myanmar’s media, after the coup: Reporting under fire," Youtube, March 11, 2021, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xVdya8Qdn0. 179 “Myanmar: UN Fact-Finding Mission releases its full account of massive violations by military in Rakhine, Kachin and Shan States,” UNHCR, September 18, 2018, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2018/09/myanmar-un-fact-finding-mission-releases-its-fullaccount-massive-violations 180 Asian Development Bank, "Ooredoo Myanmar Limited Nationwide Telecommunications Project (Myanmar)," December 2020, https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/49116/49116-001-xarr-en.pdf 181 "Algorithm of harm: Facebook amplified Myanmar military propaganda following coup," Global Witness, June 23, 2021, https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/digital-threats/algorithm-harm-facebook-amplified-myanmar-military-propaganda-followingcoup/ 182 Discussions with media freedom defenders, March 16, 2022. 183 Facebook’s systems limit withdrawals to an outlet’s home country, leaving some outlets without access to their monetization. Facebook also requires publishers to be physically located inside Myanmar in order to access some business services, such as FacebookAds. Discussions with media freedom defenders, March 16, 2022. 184 “In Myanmar, Facebook struggles with a deluge of disinformation.” The Economist, October 22, 2020, https://www.economist.com/asia/2020/10/22/in-myanmar-facebook-struggles-with-a-deluge-of-disinformation 185 “Myanmar coup: Tens of thousands protest and call for Aung San Suu Kyi's release despite internet being cut off," Sky News, February 7, 2021, https://news.sky.com/story/myanmar-coup-tens-of-thousands-protest-and-call-for-aung-san-suu-kyis-release-despiteinternet-being-cut-off-12211146 186 Free Expression Myanmar, @FreeExpressMm, "Rumour that internet is going to be totally shutdown for 20 days is not true 🚫 It is true that: ☑Partial shutdown is ongoing + open-ended ☑Mobile data is totally shutdown ☑Only access to internet is fixed-line + MiFI between 6:30am-1am," March 26, 2021, https://twitter.com/FreeExpressMm/status/1375425978172895235. 187 "‘Terrible and unacceptable’: People in Myanmar tell of their fears about a new era of military rule," The Independent, February 28, 2021, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/myanmar-military-democracy-rule-protests-b1808794.html. 188 "Reporting from Myanmar: 'The future has never been darker'," The Guardian, March 15, 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/membership/2021/mar/15/reporting-from-myanmar-the-future-has-never-been-darker. 189 Myanmar Junta Accused of Using Deepfake Technology to Prove Graft Case Against Daw Aung San Suu Kyi," The Irrawardy, March 25, 2021, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-junta-accused-using-deepfake-technology-prove-graft-case-daw-aung-sansuu-kyi.html. 190 "Rumors are flying that China is behind the coup in Myanmar. That’s almost certainly wrong," The Washington Post, May 2, 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/03/02/rumors-are-flying-that-china-is-behind-coup-myanmar-thats-almost-certainlywrong/. 191 It is not a “civil war” but rather a “war of annihilation against insurgents”, see Mratt Kyaw Thu, “Tatmadaw warns journalists against calling domestic conflicts ‘civil wars’,” Frontier, January 18, 2019, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/tatmadaw-warns-journalists-againstcalling-domestic-conflicts-civil-wars. 192 “BBC Burma pulls Myanmar TV deal over Rohingya 'censorship',” Channel News Asia, September 4, 2017, https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/bbc-burma-pulls-myanmar-tv-deal-over-rohingya-censorship-9183386; “US-backed broadcaster drops Myanmar channel in dispute over terminology,” Mizzima, June 13, 2018, http://www.mizzima.com/news-domestic/usbacked-broadcaster-drops-myanmar-channel-dispute-over-terminology. 193 “Recommendations to protect mass movements submitted to UN,” Free Expression Myanmar, June 13, 2022, https://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/recommendations-to-protect-mass-movements-submitted-to-un/ 194 "Internet disrupted in Myanmar amid apparent military uprising," NetBlocks, January 31, 2021, https://netblocks.org/reports/internetdisrupted-in-myanmar-amid-apparent-military-uprising-JBZrmlB6 195 For more information including a daily tally and specific cases see: What’s happening in Myanmar,” Assistance Association for Political Prisoners, https://coup.aappb.org 196 “SAC says it is "systematically scruitizing" work of INGOs and CSOs,” Democratic Voice of Burma, March 31, 2022, https://english.dvb.no/sac-says-it-is-systematically-scruitizing-work-of-ingos-and-csos/ 197 John Liu, “CSOs after the coup: Operations squeezed, funding crunched,” Frontier Myanmar, September 28, 2021, https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/csos-after-the-coup-operations-squeezed-funding-crunched/. 198 Discussions with digital rights defenders, March 16, 2022; see “Myanmar Digital Rights Forum,” https://www.digitalrightsmm.info/; Rebecca Ratcliffe, “Ex-UK ambassador and her husband jailed for a year in Myanmar, reports say,” The Guardian, September 2, 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/02/ex-uk-ambassador-husband-jailed-year-myanmar-reports-vicky-bowman-htein-lin. 199 Discussions with digital rights defenders, March 16, 2022. 200 “Review of post-coup CSO funding submitted to UN,” Free Expression Myanmar, March 7, 2022, https://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/review-of-post-coup-cso-funding-submitted-to-un/ 201 “After coup, medical workers spearhead civil disobedience campaign,” Frontier Myanmar, February 2, 2021, https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/after-coup-medical-workers-spearhead-civil-disobedience-campaign/ 202 “Myanmar’s Civil Disobedience Movement Carries On in Face of Increasing Junta Repression,” The Iradwaddy, January 24, 2022, https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/guest-column/myanmars-civil-disobedience-movement-carries-on-in-face-of-increasing-juntarepression.html 203 A group of MPs calling themselves the Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw launched on February 3, 2021. See “Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw,” https://www.crphmyanmar.org. 204 See “Government of the Public of the Union of Myanmar,” https://www.nugmyanmar.org 205 https://www.voanews.com/a/arrests-bring-total-detained-over-myanmar-s-silent-strike-to-over-200/6438891.html 206 Fanny Potkin and Jesse Pang, “Offline message app downloaded over million times after Myanmar coup,” Reuters, February 2, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-politics-bridgefy-idUSKBN2A22H0 207 Ole Tangen Jr, “The battle for Myanmar plays out on Twitter, TikTok and Telegram,” DW, April 20, 2021, https://www.dw.com/en/thebattle-for-myanmar-plays-out-on-twitter-tiktok-and-telegram/a-57267075 208 Simon Migliano, “VPN Demand Surges Around the World,” Top10VPN, October 13, 2022, https://www.top10vpn.com/research/vpndemand-statistics/#myanmar ် ပ်မ/ - ြမန်မာ2ိင 4 င ် ံ Free Expression Myanmar (FEM) and Freedom House - Freedom of the Net: Myanmar - အင်တာနက်ေပ*တွင် လွတလ