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Literature Review There are a number of areas of study that this research project will draw from. These include: conflict analysis and peacebuilding, Buddhist/Muslim relations, hate speech and its consequences, and methods of intervention. The purpose of this literature review is to give an overview of the relevant data that contributed to my study. Conflict Analysis and Peacebuilding: To assist my conflict assessment in chapter one I have used Levinger Conflict analysis: understanding causes, unlocking solutions (2013). I limited my use to the four-step assessment process to give chapter one (An Assessment of Conflict in Myanmar) the framework to analyse the conflict in Myanmar, and map out the factors that drive Buddhist and Muslim tensions. This text will contribute to my study as it will allow me to deconstruct the religious conflict in Myanmar clearly, and draw conclusion about the conflict and peace drivers, and what motivates the conflicts primary actors. This will form the basis for my study, as a good knowledge of the conflict is necessary to understand contextually relevant interventions. An-Na’im’s work on transforming African culture in Cultural Transformation and Human Rights in Africa (2002) was useful to discuss the role of culture and religion in peacebuilding. This book will not be used extensively, but will be touched on to reinforce ideas discussed in chapter three’s argument (Approaches to Combatting Online Hate Speech) for the integration of religion within peacebuilding initiatives. AnNa’im suggests that religious beliefs and commitments are needed for generating the political will to enforce legal norms and implement concrete policies.12 He advises that we must establish a constructive relationship between religion and human rights in order to successfully achieve a cultural transformation in which human rights become the norm for society. 12 An-Na’im, A., (2002) Cultural Transformation and Human Rights in Africa, Zed Books: London, p.3. - 12 -

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Religion, hate speech and social media in Myanmar: Analysing methods of intervention

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Language

English

Topic

Hate Speech
Rohingya Crisis

Author(s)

Bethany Davis

Date Published: Dec 1, 2015

Abstract: Myanmar is home to one of the longest running intrastate conflicts in the world, involving a series of ethnic and religious clashes that have caused harm to all parties involved. The ideology of a homogeneity based on Buddhism and the Bamar ethnicity has marginalized minority groups, which make up a third of the population, and has particularly affected the Rakhine state’s Buddhist and Muslim communities, the latter of which are subject to what international human rights organizations are calling an ethnic cleansing. Since the government relaxed restrictions to the access of foreign websites, the social media site Facebook has become a popular means to disseminate misinformation and rumours, and this has created mistrust and hatred against Muslims across the country, heightening the polarization between Buddhist and Muslim groups. This study will combine conflict analysis with the assessment of different approaches of countering hate speech to propose which methods of intervention are most suitable for this situation in Myanmar. Lederach argues that to counter hatred and avoid reoccurrence of violence, deep alterations of the parties’ relationships is needed. This idea forms the basis for chapter three which examines educational methods, interfaith projects and social media campaigns to both prevent and change negative attitudes towards the religious ‘Other’. It argues that education and awareness campaigns are more effective than the implementation of legal regulation as we need to combat the underlying issue. In addition to secondary sources, this study involved field research to collect information about how the youth are influence by hate speech and counter hate campaigns in Myanmar.

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Myanmar Internet Project

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Religion, hate speech and social media in Myanmar: Analysing methods of intervention

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