4 Dictating the Internet: viii. Laws which aim to protect cybersecurity............................ 126 Vietnam ................................................................. 127 Thailand.................................................................. 132 Cambodia................................................................ 136 ix. Laws abused to justify internet shutdowns......................... 138 Myanmar ................................................................ 139 Philippines, Vietnam and Indonesia............................. 141 IV. Patterns of abuse............................................................... 144 V. i. “National security” and “public order”................................ 144 ii. Vague, overbroad provisions............................................ 146 iii. Severe penalties............................................................. 147 iv. Lack of independent oversight mechanisms........................ 149 v. Failure to provide effective remedy or accountability........... 150 vi. Application beyond frontiers............................................. 152 Moving forward.................................................................. 156 VI. Conclusion......................................................................... 159 VII. Annex ............................................................................... 162 Laws, regulations and bills referenced in this report included..... 162 Cases referenced in this report involved the following individuals................................................................................... 164