9 In accepting the post of chief advisor, Dr. Yunus told journalists that he had decided to accept the post in order to help the student protesters achieve their dream of a more prosperous and human rights-respecting future for Bangladesh. This report provides the transitional Government of Bangladesh with documentation of years-long, government-tolerated, unmitigated violence against Rohingya in the camps and detailed recommendations to improve protection and justice for Rohingya refugees in the country and beyond. * * * In 2016 and 2017, the population of Rohingya seeking refuge in Bangladesh swelled to nearly one million after the Myanmar military brutally forced approximately 700,000 Rohingya women, men, and children from their homes in Rakhine State, Myanmar. The military’s genocidal attacks in Rakhine State against Rohingya civilians were ostensibly in response to the rise of Rohingya armed militants. Specifically, a series of coordinated attacks on police outputs and an army base by Rohingya militants in northern Rakhine State in October 2016 and August 2017 provided the pretext for the Myanmar military’s “clearance operations” and related mass atrocities against the Rohingya community—atrocities that continue to date. Since the attacks in 2016 and 2017, Rohingya armed militants developed a sizable and menacing presence in refugee camps in Bangladesh, demanding the loyalty of Rohingya camp residents under the guise of fighting against the military in Myanmar. However, according to interviews with members of the groups and refugees, their allegiances have shifted from opposing the Myanmar military to allying with the Myanmar junta to counter the Arakan Army, an ethnic armed group increasingly involved in committing abuses against Rohingya civilians. Killing of Rohingya refugees in the camps in Bangladesh attributed to armed militant groups have been sustained year on year: militants reportedly killed 22 people in the camps in 2021, 42 in 2022, at least 90 in 2023, and at least 65 in 2024. One such killing was of Mohammad Faisal, a beloved community teacher, father, and poet—and survivor of the genocide in Myanmar. On January 1, 2024, Mohammad Faisal expressed his fears of living under militant rule in the camps in a poem he shared on Facebook: Darkness makes me afraid Fearing the fire, Fearing the robbers. When it’s day, I am afraid of kidnappers. ... Hearing the gunshot. Three days later, on January 4, 2024, unidentified Rohingya militants, under the cover of darkness, abducted Mohammad Faisal from the Camp-4 extension between 7 and 8 p.m. and shot him dead. At the time of writing, Fortify Rights is not aware of any ongoing investigations by the Bangladesh authorities into his killing. Rohingya groups operating in Bangladesh—primarily the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA) and the Rohingya Solidarity Organisation (RSO), two rival Rohingya armed militant groups—have both carried out killings. On October 22, 2021, in the middle of the night, armed Rohingya militants, identified in an internal Bangladesh intelligence report as ARSA members, killed six men and tortured others in a madrasa— an Islamic religious school—in Camp-18 in Balukhali camp.