I. Killings, Abductions, Torture, and Threats by Rohingya Militant Groups in Bangladesh’s Refugee Camps 28 the assassination of Mohib Ullah.71 One month later, in June 2022, Bangladesh authorities submitted to a court in Cox’s Bazar an investigative report recommending charges against 29 suspected members of ARSA believed to be implicated in Mohib Ullah’s killing.72 In 2022, Bangladesh authorities arrested more than a dozen named suspects, four of whom have confessed to participating in the killing.73 More recently, in October 2023, Bangladesh authorities arrested high-level ARSA camp commander Noor Kamal, also known as Somi Uddin, for the killing of Mohib Ullah.74 Spokesperson Khandaker Al Moin of the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB)—an elite anti-crime and anti-terrorism unit of the Bangladesh police comprising members from the military, police, and other law enforcement agencies— explained Noor Kamal’s involvement in Mohib Ullah’s assassination, saying: “[Noor] Kamal assigned the different responsibilities to the ARSA members two days before the murder. He was among three people who first stormed into Mohib Ullah’s office to kill him. He opened fire on the Rohingya leader first.”75 In the months and years leading up to the assassination, Mohib Ullah expressed concern about increasing threats to his life from ARSA to Fortify Rights as well Bangladesh authorities and UNHCR.76 In August 2021, a month before his assassination, Mohib Ullah sent a letter to the RRRC, copying the CiC as well as the Special Branch Police in Cox’s Bazar. Mohib Ullah said in the letter, “I would like to request you to take the necessary action on ARSA group members [who] are threatening me and ARSPH members in everywhere [in] the camps.”77 Prior to sending a letter to the RRRC, Mohib Ullah wrote to the UNHCR protection unit in Cox’s Bazar District in April 2020, saying: “I was threatened several times by the bad group in the camp. ... Now, my life and ARSPH members living in different camps lives are on terrible [sic] situation at night.”78 Explaining these threats, Mohib Ullah’s wife Nasima Khatun told Fortify Rights in 2021: “Recently, he received threats often because he was successful in organizing people [in the camps] and, all the people are supporting him. … [ARSA] threatened him to resign from his work.”79 71 “ARSA Leader Held in Rohingya Leader Mohib Ullah Murder Case,” New Age, March 6, 2022, https://www.newagebd. net/article/164592/arsa-leader-held-in-rohingya-leader-mohib-ullah-murder-case. 72 Kamran Reza Chowdhury and Abdur Rahman, “Police Reports: ARSA Rebel Chief Ordered Rohingya Leader Muhib Ullah Gunned Down,” Radio Free Asia, June 14, 2022, https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/rohingyaarsa-06142022173448.html. 73 Ibid. 74 Fortify Rights communication with a researcher in Cox’s Bazar District, Bangladesh, March 23, 2024. See also, “Noor Kamal Led the Killing Mission,” The Daily Star, October 17, 2023, https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/ news/noor-kamal-led-the-killing-mission-3445446?amp=. 75 “15 ARSA Members Took Part in Murder of Rohingya Leader Mohib Ullah: RAB,” BD News 24, October 16, 2023, https:// bdnews24.com/bangladesh/awbmxe2ehd. 76 Mohib Ullah communicated his security concerns with Fortify Rights in the months before his assassination. He said: “It is [a] bad night for me in the camps. When will you come to Bangladesh?” In a separate communication, he wrote, “I am fine, but still in fear of ARSA.” Furthermore, Mohib Ullah showed a text message from WhatsApp to Reuters years before he was assassinated, reading, “Mohib Ullah is a virus of the community. . . Kill him wherever he is found.” John Quinley, “Remembering Mohib Ullah and the Need for Refugee Protection,” Daily Star, October 15, 2022, https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/views/news/mohib-ullahs-killers-remain-large-3143376; Simon Lewis, Poppy McPherson, and Ruma Paul, “In Rohingya Camps, a Political Awakening Faces a Backlash,” Reuters, April 24, 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-rohingya-politics-insight-idUSKCN1S000D. 77 Letter on file with the Fortify Rights, August 2021. See also, Hannah Beech, “They Warned Their Names Were on a Hit List. They Were Killed,” New York Times, November 14, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/14/world/asia/ rohingya-refugees-bangladesh.html. 78 Letter on file with the Fortify Rights, April 2020. 79 Nasima Khatun told Fortify Rights that Mohib Ullah raised his security concerns with Bangladesh authorities and UNHCR. She said: “[Mohib Ullah] already told me in the past that he had informed both UNHCR and the authorities that he was not safe.” Fortify Rights interview with Z.C., Cox’s Bazar District, Bangladesh, October 5, 2021.