In addition to the targeted content analysis of the 100 accounts within our sample, we also conducted a scan of accounts that were connected to a significant proportion of the 18 accounts within our sample (in this case to ten or more accounts). We manually inspected the publicly available content on these accounts and evaluated the prevalence of material aligned with Ma Ba Tha narratives. We found that many were active disseminators of Ma Ba Tha messaging, and engaged consumers of anti-Muslim and “Muslim threat” narratives. Many also crossed into outright hate speech. This set of accounts was “lower tier” in terms of their reach and relative importance, but such methodologies can be applied to help improve the efficiency of online hate speech disseminators being identified, reported, and where necessary, removed. For our purpose of examining discourse trends, however, we relied on more established and influential accounts such as those within our core sample. Image 10: Accounts Following At Least 10 of the 18 Key Accounts Degree 15 Degree 12 Degree 14 Degree 11 Degree 13 Degree 10 Across all of our various forms of content analysis, we identified a consistent narrative of ‘Muslim threat’ that is presented as a danger to the ‘race and religion.’ This threat perception can be bracketed into three fairly distinct themes. These themes closely correspond to key Ma Ba Tha organizational priorities; in fact, it is striking to see just how many of these themes have been transformed by the Ma Ba Tha into legislation or government policy. The three themes include: • Muslims as Threats to Myanmar’s Sovereignty through illegal immigration, terrorism, and insecurity. These themes have been the basis of various national security laws against Rohingyas, including the denial of voting rights in 2015. • Muslims as Threats to Burmese Racial Purity through their population growth rates that are upsetting the demographic balance. These themes are couched in various social and religious prejudices, including around inter-marriage, fertility, and polygamy. These prejudices that have become the basis for the Race and Religion Laws passed in 2015. 14