268 “Myanmar: More ‘outrageous’ convictions for satire performers,” Amnesty International, February 17, 2020, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/02/myanmar-moreoutrageous-convictions-for-satire-performers/. 269 “Myanmar Authorities Prosecuting Activists and Critics Despite the COVID-19 Pandemic,” Civicus, April 28, 2020, https://monitor.civicus.org/updates/2020/04/28/myanmarauthorities-prosecuting-activists-and-critics-despite-covid-19-pandemic/. 270 https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/satirical-troupe-face-extra-prison-terms-ridiculing-myanmars-military.html 271 https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/12/09/myanmar-arrest-alleging-voter-intimidation 272 https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/12/09/myanmar-arrest-alleging-voter-intimidation 273 "Analysis on Freedom of Expression Situation in Four Years under the Current Regime" By Athan, May 2,2020,https://www.athanmyanmar.org/analysis-on-freedom-of-expressionsituation-in-four-years-under-the-current-regime/ 274 “Reuters journalists freed from Myanmar prison [Timeline],” Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/subjects/myanmar-reporters. 275 “Myanmar Supreme Court agrees to rule on journalists’ appeal,” AP News, March 26, 2019, https://www.apnews.com/f33926c7deeb4dc487c5013ea2163bc8. 276 https://www.myanmar-now.org/en/news/junta-issues-daily-directives-to-further-block-internet-access-telecoms-providers-say 277 https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/facebook-blocked-02042021140109.html 278 https://ooni.org/post/2021-myanmar-internet-blocks-and-outages/ 279 Discussions with digital rights stakeholders, 12 May 2021. 280 Aung Kyaw Nyunt, “SIM card registration to be enforced in 2017,” Myanmar Times, August 3, 2016, https://www.mmtimes.com/business/technology/21728-sim-card-registrationto-be-enforced-in-2017.html. 281 Aung Kyaw Nyunt, “SIM card registration to be enforced in 2017,” Myanmar Times, August 3, 2016, http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/business/technology/21728-sim-cardregistration-to-be-enforced-in-2017.html. 282 Personal discussions with subscribers subscribing to at least two providers (April 10, 2020). 283 Saw Yi Nandar, “Telcos say data helps police solve cases of missing persons,” Myanmar Times, February 4, 2020, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/telcos-say-data-helps-police-solvecases-missing-persons.html. 284 Saw Yi Nandar, “Govt blocks 6.55 million SIM cards,” Myanmar Times, February 7, 2020, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/govt-blocks-655-million-sim-cards.html. 285 “Deactivating SIM cards during Covid-19 violates rights — Covid 19,” Free Expression Myanmar, April 29, 2020, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/deactivating-sim-cards-duringcovid-19-violates-rights-covid-19/. 286 “Myanmar in bid to tackle unregistered SIM cards,” Xinhua Net, March 24, 2019, http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-03/24/c_137920164.htm. 287 Thompson Chau, “Myanmar wants mobile user biometrics,” Myanmar Times, December 5, 2019, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-wants-mobile-user-biometrics.html; “Myanmar: Dangerous Plans for Biometric SIM Card Registration Must be Scrapped,” Privacy International, December 9, 2019, https://privacyinternational.org/newsanalysis/3303/myanmar-dangerous-plans-biometric-sim-card-registration-must-be-scrapped. 288 https://www.biometricupdate.com/202006/myanmar-closes-delayed-biometrics-tender-amid-funding-confusion-data-protection-laws-still-absent 289 Thompson Chau, “Myanmar diverts special telecoms fund to biometrics database,” Myanmar Times, June 11, 2020, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-diverts-specialtelecoms-fund-biometrics-database.html. 290 https://www.biometricupdate.com/202006/myanmar-closes-delayed-biometrics-tender-amid-funding-confusion-data-protection-laws-still-absent 291 https://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/six-risks-from-myanmars-draft-cyber-security-law/ 292 https://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/six-risks-from-myanmars-draft-cyber-security-law/ 293 https://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/myanmars-new-electronic-transactions-law-amendment/ 294 https://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/myanmars-new-electronic-transactions-law-amendment/ 295 https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-military-junta-suspends-laws-protecting-citizens-privacy-crack-opposition.html 296 https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/how-myanmars-military-moved-telecoms-sector-spy-citizens-2021-05-18/ 297 https://www.justiceformyanmar.org/press-releases/justice-for-myanmar-publishes-details-of-myanmars-tools-of-digital-surveillance-and-repression; https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/01/world/asia/myanmar-coup-military-surveillance.html 298 Nyein Zaw Lin, “Social media team will not spy on netizens, official says,” Myanmar Times, May 23, 2018, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/social-media-team-will-not-spynetizens-official-says.html. 299 Nay Phyo Win, “Government allots over 6 billion kyats to form social media watchdog,” Democratic Voice of Burman (DVB), March 19, 2018, http://images.dvb.no/news/government-allots-6-billion-kyats-form-social-media-watchdog/80207. 300 Moe Moe, “New Body to Track Online Instigators Who Harm Govt, Sovereignty,” The Irrawaddy, May 23, 2018, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/new-body-track-onlineinstigators-harm-govt-sovereignty.html. 301 Nyein Zaw Lin, “Social media team will not spy on netizens, official says,” Myanmar Times, May 23, 2018, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/social-media-team-will-not-spynetizens-official-says.html. 302 https://www.myanmar-now.org/en/news/telenor-says-government-is-seeking-direct-access-to-customers-personal-data 303 Moe Moe, “Parliament Approves Funds for Internet Oversight Body,” The Irrawaddy, March 21, 2018, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/parliament-approves-funds-internetoversight-body.html. 304 Nyein Zaw Lin, “Social media team will not spy on netizens, official says,” Myanmar Times, May 23, 2018, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/social-media-team-will-not-spynetizens-official-says.html. 305 Zaw Zaw Htwe and Aung Kyaw Nyunt, “Critics rail against govt budget for monitoring of Facebook,” Myanmar Times, March 22, 2018, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/critics-railagainst-govt-budget-monitoring-facebook.html. 306 Civil society attempts to engage with the SMMT in December 2018 were rebuffed by the Ministry of Transport and Communications, staff at which initially stated that they were not aware of the department and later failed to reply. Discussions with digital activists in Yangon, December 2018. 307 Discussions with digital rights defenders, Yangon, 22 May 2021. 308 https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/01/world/asia/myanmar-coup-military-surveillance.html; https://www.occrp.org/en/blog/14621-myanmar-security-forces-using-westernsurveillance-tech-against-civilians 309 Personal experience of the author when accompanying persons attending police interviews, Yangon, between January and May 2018. 310 Personal communications with a range of interviewees that have been arrested for protesting or for other forms of activism online, July 2017 to March 2018. 311 “Myanmar Lawyer Says Evidence from Reuters Reporters’ Phones May Be ‘Tainted’,” The Irrawaddy, May 30, 2018, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/myanmar-lawyer-saysevidence-reuters-reporters-phones-may-tainted.html. 312 Timothy LcLaughlin, “Security-tech companies once flocked to Myanmar. One firm’s tools were used against two journalists,” The Washington Post, May 4, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/security-tech-companies-once-flocked-to-myanmar-one-firms-tools-were-used-against-two-journalists-/2019/05/04/d4e9f7f05b5d-11e9-b8e3-b03311fbbbfe_story.html?utm_term=.aa9108eef3db. 313 “The spyware used by Arab dictators has now shown up in Myanmar,” MIT Technology Review, July 10, 2019, https://www.technologyreview.com/f/613939/spyware-dealers-spottedin-myanmar/. 314 Aung Kyaw Nyunt, “Government to build integrated data centre with S. Korean aid,” Myanmar Times, April 20, 2018, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/government-buildintegrated-data-centre-s-korean-aid.html; “Parliament to Debate $95-Million S. Korean Loan for Gov’t Data Center,” The Irrawaddy, December 3, 2018, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/parliament-debate-95-million-s-korean-loan-govt-data-center.html. 315 Kyaw Ko Ko, “Mandalay moves closer to e-government with data centre,” Myanmar Times, January 28, 2019, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/mandalay-moves-closer-egovernment-data-centre.html. 316 Discussions among digital rights activists at the Myanmar Digital Rights Forum in Yangon on January 18, 2019. 317 https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-military-junta-suspends-laws-protecting-citizens-privacy-crack-opposition.html 318 “Law Protecting the Privacy and Security of Citizens [Unofficial translation MCRB],” Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, March 8, 2017, http://www.myanmarresponsiblebusiness.org/pdf/Law-Protecting-Privacy-and-Security-of-Citizens_en_unofficial.pdf; “Law Protecting the Privacy and Security of Citizens,” Free Expression Myanmar, [n.d.], http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/laws/law-protecting-the-privacy-and-security-of-citizens/. 319 “Lack of Consultation on the Citizens Privacy and Security Law is a Missed Opportunity,” Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, March 13, 2017, http://www.myanmarresponsiblebusiness.org/news/lack-of-consultation-citizens-privacy-and-security-law.html; Tin Htet Paing, “Critics Skeptical of New Privacy Legislation,” The Irrawaddy, March 15, 2017, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/critics-skeptical-of-new-privacy-legislation.html. 320 “Realising Digital Myanmar,” Telenor, February 2018, https://www.telenor.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Telenor-Realising-Digital-Myanmar-Report-06-February.pdf; “Chapter 4.3 Privacy,” SWIA, Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, [n.d.], http://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/pdf/SWIA/ICT/Chapter-04.03-Privacy.pdf. 321 “Telecommunications Law,” Law. No. 31/2013, Article 75, Free Expression Myanmar, October 8, 2013, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wpcontent/uploads/2017/07/telecommunications-law-en.pdf. 322 “Telecommunications Law – Law. No. 31/2013,” Free Expression Myanmar, October 8, 2013, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/telecommunicationslaw-en.pdf. 323 “Telecommunications Law – Law. No. 31/2013,” Free Expression Myanmar, October 8, 2013, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/telecommunicationslaw-en.pdf. 324 Drug Policy Advocacy Group, “Guiding Drug Law Reform in Myanmar,” Transnational Institute (TNI), November 29, 2017, https://www.tni.org/en/publication/guiding-drug-lawreform-in-myanmar. Free Expression Myanmar (FEM) and Freedom House - Freedom of the Net: Myanmar - အင်တာနက်ေပ*တွင် လွတ်လပ်မ/ - ြမန်မာ2ိ4င်ငံ - Page 6