https://www.bsr.org/en/our-insights/blog-view/facebook-in-myanmar-human-rights-impact-assessment; Paul Mozur, “Groups in Myanmar Fire Back at Zuckerberg,” The New York Times, April 5, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/05/technology/zuckerberg-facebook-myanmar.html. 134 Discussions about the effectiveness of Facebook’s content moderation, Myanmar Digital Rights Forum, January 19, 2019.; Kyaw Ye Lynn and Su Myat Mon, “On social media, cleaning up isn’t easy,” Frontier, December 28, 2018, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/on-social-media-cleaning-up-isnt-easy. 135 For example, some pro-Rohingya activists believe that content removal trends demonstrate prejudices among content reviewers against Rohingya. 136 https://oversightboard.com/news/1713175808881668-announcing-the-board-s-next-case/ 137 “Myanmar’s media not free or fair,” Free Expression Myanmar, 2020, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/myanmars-media-not-free-or-fair.pdf. 138 Personal communications with media outlets, 3 March 2021. 139 https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/20/22341715/tiktok-banning-accounts-myanmar-violent-videos-coup 140 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-56282401 141 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-tiktok/i-will-shoot-whoever-i-see-myanmar-soldiers-use-tiktok-to-threaten-protesters-idUSKBN2AW17X 142 https://www.vice.com/en/article/jgq34b/myanmar-coup-soldiers-flood-tiktok-with-calls-to-violence 143 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/03/tiktok-urged-take-action-myanmar-death-threat-videos 144 https://restofworld.org/2021/tiktok-is-repeating-facebooks-mistakes-in-myanmar/ 145 https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/314-myanmars-military-struggles-control-virtual-battlefield 146 Personal monitoring of Facebook accounts since the coup, 23 March 2021. 147 Personal monitoring of Facebook accounts since the coup, 23 March 2021. 148 Personal communications with human rights defenders working on digital rights, Yangon, May 2018. 149 Personal monitoring of Facebook accounts since the coup, 23 March 2021. 150 This group documents journalists under attack following the coup: https://www.facebook.com/groups/953399941862726/ 151 “Myanmar’s media freedom at risk,” Free Expression Myanmar, May 2018, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/myanmars-media-freedom-at-risk.pdf; Hanna Ellis-Petersen, “Censorship and silence: south-east Asia suffers under press crackdown,” The Guardian, February 25, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/media/2019/feb/25/censorship-and-silence-south-east-asia-suffers-under-press-crackdown. 152 “Myanmar journalists 'harassed' for reporting on Rohingya crisis,” Al Jazeera, October 16, 2017, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/myanmar-journalists-harassed-reportingrohingya-crisis-171016070429902.html.; See for example panels on gender and on freedom of expression at the Myanmar Digital Rights Forum, February 28-29, 2020. 153 “Myanmar bans Radio Free Asia for using the term “Rohingyas”,” Reporters Without Borders, June 12, 2018, https://rsf.org/en/news/myanmar-bans-radio-free-asia-using-termrohingyas. 154 Julia Carrie Wong, Michael Safi, and Shaikh Azizur Rahman, “Facebook bans Rohingya group's posts as minority faces 'ethnic cleansing',” The Guardian, September 20, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/sep/20/facebook-rohingya-muslims-myanmar. 155 https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7m898/myanmar-coup-protesters-regret-silence-over-rohingya-genocide 156 “Daring to defy Myanmar’s Patriarchy,” Free Expression Myanmar, 2018, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/daring-to-defy-myanmars-patriarchy.pdf. 157 “Daring to defy Myanmar’s Patriarchy,” Free Expression Myanmar, 2018, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/daring-to-defy-myanmars-patriarchy.pdf. 158 Discussion with women human rights defender in Yangon, March 2019. 159 For example, recent discussions at the Myanmar Digital Rights Forum, Yangon, January 18, 2019, and at the American Center, Yangon, May 22, 2019: U.S. Embassy Rangoon, @USEmbassy.rangoon, May 20, 2019, https://www.facebook.com/usembassy.rangoon/posts/2226172564131217/. 160 https://restofworld.org/2021/how-misinformation-fueled-a-coup-in-myanmar/ 161 https://twitter.com/nawbettyhan/status/1377120708409520133?s=11 ; https://twitter.com/MyanmarIPC/status/1373492061576527872 162 https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=189150611199427 and https://twitter.com/myanmar_moi on 21 March. 163 https://www.ifj.org/media-centre/news/detail/category/health-and-safety/article/myanmar-military-tightens-media-restrictions-targets-journalists.html 164 https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-junta-leader-warns-media-using-junta-regime.html 165 https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-journalists-leave-jobs-face-military-regime-restrictions-media-freedom.html 166 https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/myanmar-military-strips-five-media-companies-licenses-0; https://www.reportingasean.net/in-numbers-arrests-of-myanmar-journalists/ 167 https://www.reuters.com/article/myanmar-politics-socialmedia-int-idUSKBN2A21YH 168 Hanna Beech and Saw Nang, “In Myanmar, a Facebook Blackout Brings More Anger Than a Genocide Charge,” The New York Times, August 31, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/31/world/asia/myanmar-genocide-facebook-military.html. 169 Htet Naing Zaw, “Incoming Info Minister Pe Myint: ‘I Will Ensure Press Freedom’,” The Irrawaddy, March 28, 2016, https://www.irrawaddy.com/in-person/interview/incominginfo-minister-pe-myint-will-ensure-press-freedom.html. 170 Nyan Hlaing Lynn, “Pe Myint: ‘A government needs to inform the people’,” Frontier, May 6, 2016, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/pe-myint-a-government-needs-to-inform-thepeople. 171 “Freedom of the Press 2017 – Myanmar,” Freedom House, May 10, 2017, https://web.archive.org/web/20170510172325/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedompress/2017/myanmar. 172 MOI Webportal Myanmar, @MOIWebportalMyanmar, https://www.facebook.com/MOIWebportalMyanmar/. 173 Myanmar State Counsellor Office, @state.counsellor, https://www.facebook.com/state.counsellor/. 174 It was originally called the “State Counsellor’s Information Committee,” before being renamed, possibly to distance her from some of the page’s more infamous pronouncements. Information Committee, @InformationCommittee, https://www.facebook.com/InfomationCommittee/. 175 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-56282401 176 https://about.fb.com/news/2021/02/an-update-on-myanmar/ 177 Mratt Kyaw Thu, “Tatmadaw warns journalists against calling domestic conflicts ‘civil wars’,” Frontier, January 18, 2019, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/tatmadaw-warnsjournalists-against-calling-domestic-conflicts-civil-wars. 178 Often posts included disinformation around specific human rights violations and includes graphic imagery. For example, in March 2018, in response to criticism from the British government, the Office of the Commander-in-Chief posted on its Facebook page images of dismembered children alleging that they were killed by the Rohingya, see Timothy McLaughlin, “How Facebook’s Rise Fueled Chaos and Confusion in Myanmar,” Wired, June 7, 2018, https://www.wired.com/story/how-facebooks-rise-fueled-chaos-and-confusion-inmyanmar/. 179 Paul Mozur, “A Genocide Incited on Facebook, With Posts From Myanmar’s Military,” The New York Times, October 15, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/technology/myanmar-facebook-genocide.html. 180 Nathaniel Gleicher, “Taking Down More Coordinated Inauthentic Behavior in Myanmar,” Facebook, August 21, 2019, https://about.fb.com/news/2019/08/more-cib-myanmar/. 181 https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/digital-threats/algorithm-harm-facebook-amplified-myanmar-military-propaganda-following-coup/ 182 Megan Specia and Paul Mozur, “A War of Words Puts Facebook at the Center of Myanmar’s Rohingya Crisis,” The New York Times, October 27, 2017, https://nyti.ms/2yRCADT. 183 https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/myanmar-military-strips-five-media-companies-licenses-0; https://www.reportingasean.net/in-numbers-arrests-of-myanmar-journalists/ 184 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/08/myanmar-un-chief-urges-release-of-trapped-protesters 185 “Printing and Publishing Law,” Free Expression Myanmar, March 14, 2014, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Printing-and-Publishing-Law-EN.pdf. 186 https://www.theguardian.com/membership/2021/mar/15/reporting-from-myanmar-the-future-has-never-been-darker 187 https://www.myanmar-now.org/en/donate 188 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xVdya8Qdn0 189 https://news.sky.com/story/myanmar-coup-tens-of-thousands-protest-and-call-for-aung-san-suu-kyis-release-despite-internet-being-cut-off-12211146 190 https://twitter.com/FreeExpressMm/status/1375425978172895235 191 https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/myanmar-military-democracy-rule-protests-b1808794.html 192 https://www.theguardian.com/membership/2021/mar/15/reporting-from-myanmar-the-future-has-never-been-darker 193 https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-junta-accused-using-deepfake-technology-prove-graft-case-daw-aung-san-suu-kyi.html 194 https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/03/02/rumors-are-flying-that-china-is-behind-coup-myanmar-thats-almost-certainly-wrong/ 195 https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-myanmar-suukyi/rumours-swirl-in-myanmar-over-suu-kyi-release-idUKTRE6AB1P020101112 196 It is not a “civil war” but rather a “war of annihilation against insurgents”, see Mratt Kyaw Thu, “Tatmadaw warns journalists against calling domestic conflicts ‘civil wars’,” Frontier, January 18, 2019, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/tatmadaw-warns-journalists-against-calling-domestic-conflicts-civil-wars. 197 Peter Lloyd, “Burma leader Aung San Suu Kyi bans use of Rohingya name for oppressed Muslims,” ABC News, June 22, 2016, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-06-22/aung-san-suukyi-bans-use-of-rohingya-name/7534410. 198 “BBC Burma pulls Myanmar TV deal over Rohingya 'censorship',” Channel News Asia, September 4, 2017, https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/bbc-burma-pulls-myanmartv-deal-over-rohingya-censorship-9183386. 199 “US-backed broadcaster drops Myanmar channel in dispute over terminology,” Mizzima, June 13, 2018, http://www.mizzima.com/news-domestic/us-backed-broadcaster-dropsmyanmar-channel-dispute-over-terminology. 200 “US-backed broadcaster drops Myanmar channel in dispute,” Frontier, June 12, 2018, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/us-backed-broadcaster-drops-myanmar-channel-in-dispute. 201 “The Global State of Digital in 2021 Report,” Hootsuite, [n.d.], https://www.hootsuite.com/pages/digital-trends-2021 . 202 https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/49116/49116-001-xarr-en.pdf Free Expression Myanmar (FEM) and Freedom House - Freedom of the Net: Myanmar - အင်တာနက်ေပ*တွင် လွတ်လပ်မ/ - ြမန်မာ2ိ4င်ငံ - Page 4