85 Chester Toh and Jainil Bhandari, “Myanmar: The Legal Landscape,” Getting the Deal Through, November 2018, https://gettingthedealthrough.com/countryfocus/article/6460/myanmar-legal-landscape. 86 Personal discussions with digital rights activists, 21 March 2021. 87 Fanny Potkin and Poppy Mcpherson, “How Myanmar’s military moved in on the telecoms sector to spy on citizens,” Reuters, May 18, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/world/asiapacific/how-myanmars-military-moved-telecoms-sector-spy-citizens-2021-05-18/ 88 https://www.motc.gov.mm/my/news/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B 1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B7%E1%80%86%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80 %9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%8C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%81%8F%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80 %AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA-%E1%81%82%E1%81%82%E1%81%80%E1%81%82%E1%81%81%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95 89 Andrew Nachemson and Lun Min Mang, “Fighting in Rakhine, Chin states rages as Myanmar limits internet,” Al Jazeera, March 5, 2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/fighting-rakhine-chin-states-rages-myanmar-limits-internet-200304033937563.html. 90 Discussions with participants at the Myanmar Digital Rights Forum in Yangon on January 18, 2019. 91 Namali Premawardhana, “Myanmar forges ahead in ICT,” Myanmar Times, December 18, 2017, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-forges-ahead-ict.html. 92 Discussions with experts at the Myanmar Digital Rights Forum on January 18, 2019. 93 Feedback from human rights defenders working on digital rights in Yangon, Myanmar Digital Rights Forum, January 2018, https://phandeeyar.org/category/digital-rights/. 94 Discussions with digital rights activist in Yangon, March 2019. 95 Zaw Zaw Htwe and Aung Kyaw Nyunt, “Critics rail against govt budget for monitoring of Facebook,” Myanmar Times, March 22, 2018, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/critics-railagainst-govt-budget-monitoring-facebook.html. 96 https://www.zdnet.com/article/myanmars-proposed-cybersecurity-bill-draws-wide-condemnation/ https://mcf.org.mm/activities-3/588-2021-02-13-05-51-26.html 97 Directives from authorities in Myanmar – February-August 2021,” Telenor Group, last updated July 28, 2021, https://www.telenor.com/sustainability/responsible-business/humanrights/mitigate/human-rights-in-myanmar/directives-from-authorities-in-myanmar-february-2021/ https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2027659.html 98 Directives from authorities in Myanmar – February-August 2021,” Telenor Group, last updated July 28, 2021, https://www.telenor.com/sustainability/responsible-business/humanrights/mitigate/human-rights-in-myanmar/directives-from-authorities-in-myanmar-february-2021/ 99 https://www.forbes.com/sites/roberthart/2021/02/04/myanmars-military-blocks-access-to-facebook-after-overthrowing-government/?sh=43397b9b5032 100 https://www.telenor.com/directive-to-block-social-media-service/; https://www.reuters.com/article/myanmar-politics-int/myanmar-junta-blocks-facebook-clamping-down-onopposition-to-coup-idUSKBN2A338S 101 https://www.telenor.com/directive-to-block-social-media-services-twitter-and-instagram-in-myanmar/ 102 https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Myanmar-Coup/Myanmar-allows-Tinder-but-axes-dissent-havens-Twitter-Facebook 103 https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/2083615/myanmars-digital-regime-foreshadows-se-asia 104 Discussions with those with direct knowledge, 21 March 2021. 105 https://twitter.com/FreeExpressMm/status/1396881429586354178; https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Myanmar-Crisis/Myanmar-allows-Tinder-but-axes-dissent-havens-TwitterFacebook 106 4 ့ ဝက်ဘ်ဆိ4က်များကိ4 ဖ4န်းေအာ်ပေရတာ ၂ ခ4က ပိတ် [Two Rakhine news outlets; AA websites blocked by two phone Chan Thar and Aung Nyein Chan, “ရခိ4င်သတင်းဌာန ၂ ခ4၊ AA တိ၏ operators],” Myanmar Now, March 26, 2020, https://myanmar-now.org/mm/news/3391; “Gov’t Blocks Ethnic Media Groups From Mobile Networks,” BNI Multimedia Group, April 1, 2020, https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/govt-blocks-ethnic-media-groups-mobile-networks. 107 “Blocking of 230 websites in Myanmar based on directive from the authorities,” Telenor, April 22, 2020, https://www.telenor.com.mm/en/article/blocking-230-websites-myanmarbased-directive-authorities. 108 Thompson Chau and John Liu, “Myanmar blocks website of rights group of Tatmadaw,” MMtimes, August 31, 2020, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-blocks-websiterights-group-critical-tatmadaw.html 109 “Directive from authorities to block additional websites in Myanmar,” Telenor, May 7, 2020, https://www.telenor.com.mm/en/article/directive-authorities-block-additional-websitesmyanmar. 110 Yangon, “Blocking of 230 websites in Myanmar based on directive from the authorities,” Telenor, April 22, 2020, https://www.telenor.com.mm/en/article/blocking-230-websitesmyanmar-based-directive-authorities. 111 Chan Thar and Aung Nyein Chan, “Telenor reverses stance, blocks ethnic news media amid crackdown on journalists,” Myanmar Now, April 2, 2020, https://myanmarnow.org/en/news/telenor-reverses-stance-blocks-ethnic-news-media-amid-crackdown-on-journalists. 112 http://7daydaily.com 113 Tom Miles, “U.N. investigators cite Facebook role in Myanmar crisis,” Reuters, March 12, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-rohingya-facebook/u-n-investigatorscite-facebook-role-in-myanmar-crisis-idUSKCN1GO2PN. 114 “Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar,” Human Rights Council, March 5, 2019, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session40/Documents/A_HRC_40_68.docx; “WhatsApp the Media Platform of Choice for ARSA,” The Irrawaddy, June 12, 2018, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/whatsapp-the-media-platform-of-choice-for-arsa.html; For example, the Minister for Information suggested in a June 2018 meeting with Facebook employees that the platform should control inciting or vulgar content. Meanwhile, the Minister for Religious and Cultural Affairs has been accused of spreading hate speech; “Facebook closes some accounts of Myanmar hard-liners,” The Nation Thailand, June 9, 2018, https://www.nationthailand.com/breakingnews/30347347. 115 https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-junta-leader-warns-media-using-junta-regime.html 116 Directives from authorities in Myanmar – February-August 2021,” Telenor Group, last updated July 28, 2021, https://www.telenor.com/sustainability/responsible-business/humanrights/mitigate/human-rights-in-myanmar/directives-from-authorities-in-myanmar-february-2021/ 117 “Telecommunications Law – Law. No. 31/2013,” Free Expression Myanmar, October 8, 2013, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/telecommunicationslaw-en.pdf. 118 For example, Article 77 gives the government powers to stop or prohibit any type of communication. 119 “Telecommunications Law – Law. No. 31/2013,” Free Expression Myanmar, October 8, 2013, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/telecommunicationslaw-en.pdf. 120 “Blocking of 230 websites in Myanmar based on directive from the authorities,” Telenor, April 22, 2020, https://www.telenor.com.mm/en/article/blocking-230-websites-myanmarbased-directive-authorities. 121 Personal discussions with digital rights activists 1 March 2021 122 https://www.telenor.com/sustainability/responsible-business/human-rights/mitigate/human-rights-in-myanmar/directives-from-authorities-in-myanmar-february-2021/ 123 Monika Bickert, “Publishing Our Internal Enforcement Guidelines and Expanding Our Appeals Process,” Facebook Newsroom, April 24, 2018, https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2018/04/comprehensive-community-standards/. 124 Discussions at the Myanmar Digital Rights Forum in Yangon on January 19, 2019. 125 “Removing Myanmar Military Officials From Facebook,” Facebook Newsroom, August 28, 2018, https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2018/08/removing-myanmar-officials/. 126 Hannah Ellis-Petersen, “Facebook removes accounts associated with Myanmar military,” The Guardian, August 27, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/aug/27/facebook-removes-accounts-myanmar-military-un-report-genocide-rohingya. 127 “Facebook closes some accounts of Myanmar hard-liners,” The Nation Thailand, June 9, 2018, https://www.nationthailand.com/news/30347347. 128 https://about.fb.com/news/2021/02/an-update-on-myanmar/ 129 “Removing More Dangerous Organizations from Facebook in Myanmar,” Facebook Newsroom, February 5, 2019, https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2019/02/dangerous-organizationsin-myanmar/. 130 “Myanmar’s media not free or fair,” Free Expression Myanmar, May 3, 2020, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/myanmars-media-not-free-or-fair/. 131 “Why are posts by Rohingya activists getting deleted?,” BBC News, September 23, 2017, https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-41364633. 132 See for example the discussions that took place during the 2020 Myanmar Digital Rights Forum in Yangon, February 28-29. See also the case of San Moe Tun [Kywe Wa Dana Tun], “Is Facebook’s bias a source of concern for Myanmar’s 2020 election?,” Eleven Media Group, February 11, 2020, https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/is-facebooks-bias-a-source-ofconcern-for-myanmars-2020-election-0. See also Julia Carrie Wong, Michael Safi, and Shaikh Azizur Rahman, “Facebook bans Rohingya group's posts as minority faces 'ethnic cleansing',” The Guardian, September 20, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/sep/20/facebook-rohingya-muslims-myanmar. 133 Civil society has repeatedly stated that Facebook’s lack of transparency is a substantive concern, see “RSF calls for more Facebook transparency on Myanmar,” Reporters Without Borders, August 31, 2018, https://rsf.org/en/news/rsf-calls-more-facebook-transparency-myanmar; Russel Brandom, “Activists from Myanmar and beyond call for Facebook to fix moderation,” The Verge, May 18, 2018, https://www.theverge.com/2018/5/18/17369570/facebook-coalition-myanmar-syria-sri-lanka-moderation-transparency-audit; Rebecca MacKinnon, “Facebook is part of an industry-wide problem: lack of transparency about policies affecting users’ online rights,” Business & Human Rights Resource Centre, [n.d.], https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/blog/facebook-is-part-of-an-industry-wide-problem-lack-of-transparency-about-policies-affecting-users-online-rights/; Timothy McLaughlin, “How Facebook’s Rise Fueled Chaos and Confusion in Myanmar,” Wired, June 7, 2018, https://www.wired.com/story/how-facebooks-rise-fueled-chaos-and-confusion-inmyanmar/; Dunstan Allison-Hope, “Our Human Rights Impact Assessment of Facebook in Myanmar,” Business for Social Responsibility, November 5, 2018, Free Expression Myanmar (FEM) and Freedom House - Freedom of the Net: Myanmar - အင်တာနက်ေပ*တွင် လွတ်လပ်မ/ - ြမန်မာ2ိ4င်ငံ - Page 3