1 * 0 = least free, 100 = most free. A total score of 70-100 = Free, 40-69 = Partly Free, 0-39 = Not Free. * ၀ = မလွတ်လပ်ဆံ4း။ ၁၀၀ = အလွတ်လပ်ဆံ4း။ စ4စ4ေပါင်း ရမ?တ် ၇၀ - ၁၀၀ Aကား = လွတ်လပ်၊ ၄၀ - ၆၉ Aကား = တစ်စိတ်တစ်ပိ4င် း လွတ်လပ်၊ ၀ - ၃၉ = မလွတ်လပ် 2 The number of internet users was reported in June 2019 at 18m by Internet World Stats, see “Internet Usage in Asia,” Internet World Stats, [n.d.], https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htm; A report on Myanmar in February 2020 by Hootsuite identified that this number had grown to 22m users by the beginning of 2020, see Simon Kemp, “Digital 2020: Myanmar,” Datareportal, March 23, 2021, https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-myanmar; 43.3 percent of the population and a growth of 2.5m persons over the course of the year. 3 James Barton, “Ooredoo Myanmar and MPT step up 4G offerings,” Developing Telecoms, June 6, 2017, https://www.developingtelecoms.com/tech/wireless-networks/7110-ooredoomyanmar-and-mpt-step-up-4g-offerings.html. 4 Ministry of Transport and Communications, “Establishing Internet Exchange in Myanmar,” September 7, 2020, https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/6%20Myanmar%20CLMV%20Internet%20Exchange1.pdf 5 One index rates the percentage of the population using the internet as 33.1 percent in 2019 as compared to 51.8 percent for the Asia region, see “Internet Usage in Asia,” Internet World Stats, [n.d.], https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htm; Others rate Myanmar as 39 percent, South-East Asia as 63 percent, and Asia as 52 percent, see “The Global State of Digital in 2019 Report,” Hootsuite, [n.d], accessed on October 2, 2019, https://hootsuite.com/pages/digital-in-2019. 6 Myanmar is 106 in the world for mobile speeds and 127 for fixed line speeds, see “Speedtest Global Index,” Ookla® Speed Test, accessed June, 2021, https://www.speedtest.net/globalindex/republic-of-the-union-of-myanmar. 7 Government of Myanmar, Executive Summary: Universal Service Strategy for Myanmar, 2018–2022, Nay Pyi Daw. https://ptd.gov.mm/ckfinder/userfiles/files/Executive%20Summary%20of%20Universal%20Service%20Strategy%20(English)_0.pdf 8 “Republic of the Union of Myanmar,” Ookla® Speedtest Global Index, [n.d.], https://www.speedtest.net/global-index/republic-of-the-union-of-myanmar; Ministry of Transport and Communications, “Establishing Internet Exchange in Myanmar,” September 7, 2020, https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/6%20Myanmar%20CLMV%20Internet%20Exchange1.pdf 9 Ministry of Transport and Communications, “Establishing Internet Exchange in Myanmar,” September 7, 2020, https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/6%20Myanmar%20CLMV%20Internet%20Exchange1.pdf 10 “How is Covid-19 transforming Myanmar’s digital economy?”, Oxford Business Group, June 30, 2020, https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/news/how-covid-19-transformingmyanmar%E2%80%99s-digital-economy 11 Simon Kemp, “Digital 2020: Myanmar,” Datareportal, February 18, 2020, https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-myanmar; Ministry of Transport and Communications, “Establishing Internet Exchange in Myanmar,” September 7, 2020, https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/6%20Myanmar%20CLMV-%20Internet%20Exchange1.pdf 12 The regional average is 135%. See “Realising Digital Myanmar,” Telenor, February 2018, https://www.telenor.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Telenor-Realising-Digital-MyanmarReport-06-February.pdf and Simon Kemp, “Digital 2020: Myanmar,” Datareportal, February 18, 2020, https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2020-myanmar. 13 Subscribers number 127.2% of the population size, as people often have multiple SIM cards, see “Digital 2021: Myanmar,” Datareportal, February 21, 2021, https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-myanmar 14 Michael Peel, “Myanmar blackouts recall darker days,” Financial Times, June 6, 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/6b8009d6-4691-11e7-8519-9f94ee97d996. 15 “Switzerland Joins EU in Sanctioning Myanmar’s Military Generals,” The Irrawaddy, October 18, 2018, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/switzerland-joins-eu-in-sanctioningmyanmars-military-generals.html. 16 Thomas Kean, “Myanmar’s broadband price war,” Frontier Myanmar, April 23, 2018, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/myanmars-broadband-price-war. 17 The average cost of data in Myanmar is comparatively low however when compared to other countries on the cheapest data packages available Myanmar is comparatively expensive. For example, the average cost of 1 GB is $1.49 in Cambodia and $0.87 in Myanmar, but in Cambodia data packages can reduce that to $0.17 per 1 GB whereas in Myanmar the cheapest package is $0.65, see “Worldwide mobile data pricing: The cost of 1GB of mobile data in 230 countries,” Cable, [n.d.], https://www.cable.co.uk/mobiles/worldwide-data-pricing/. 18 https://restofworld.org/2021/tiktok-is-repeating-facebooks-mistakes-in-myanmar/ 19 The average broadband cost has dropped in Yangon from $72.31 per month in 2017 to $27 in 2021, see “Compare our best broadband deals,” Cable, [n.d.], https://www.cable.co.uk/broadband/pricing/worldwide-comparison/#regions. 20 “The price of fixed-line broadband in 211 countries,” Cable, https://www.cable.co.uk/broadband/pricing/worldwide-comparison/#regions 21 “Realising Digital Myanmar,” Telenor, February 2018, https://www.telenor.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Telenor-Realising-Digital-Myanmar-Report-06-February.pdf. 22 Thiha Ko Ko, “Govt draft roadmap to develop and support digital economy in Myanmar,” Myanmar Times, March 14, 2019, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/govt-draft-roadmapdevelop-and-support-digital-economy-myanmar.html; “Myanmar Digital Economy Roadmap,” Digital Economy Development Committee, February 2019, https://myanmar.gov.mm/documents/20143/9096339/2019-02-07+DEDC+RoadMap+for+Websites.pdf/. 23 Thiha Ko Ko, “Myanmar Takes Steps to Bring Education Online,” Myanmar Times, December 1, 2020, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-takes-steps-bring-educationonline.html 24 5.6GB as compared to 1.2GB, see “Realising Digital Myanmar,” Telenor, February 2018, https://www.telenor.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Telenor-Realising-Digital-MyanmarReport-06-February.pdf. 25 The percentage of households with a computer was 13.64 percent in 2017, 11 percent in 2016, compared to 37.8 percent on average for the Asia Pacific region. The percentage of households with internet access was 24.38 percent in 2017, 20 percent in 2016, compared to an average of 45.5 percent for the Asia Pacific region, see “ICT Development Index 2017 – Myanmar,” International Telecommunications Union (ITU), [n.d.], http://www.itu.int/net4/ITU-D/idi/2017/index.html#idi2017economycard-tab&MMR. 26 https://kr-asia.com/myanmars-internet-blackouts-are-costing-the-economy-and-threaten-lives 27 Aung Kyaw Nyunt, “Government to collect tax to fund telecoms in rural areas,” Myanmar Times, April 24, 2018, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/government-collect-tax-fundtelecoms-rural-areas.html. 28 Aung Kyaw Nyunt, “Government to collect tax to fund telecoms in rural areas,” Myanmar Times, April 24, 2018, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/government-collect-tax-fundtelecoms-rural-areas.html. 29 Thompson Chau, “Myanmar diverts special telecoms fund to biometrics database,” Myanmar Times, June 11, 2020, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-diverts-specialtelecoms-fund-biometrics-database.html. 30 “A tender acceptance and opening ceremony was held for 9 Phase I townships / cities to be operated by USF program,” Ministry of Transport and Communications, December 6, 2020, https://perma.cc/H34X-XM54 31 “Temporary suspension of Phase II and Phase III tenders submitted by Universal Service Fund ,” Ministry of Transport and Communications, March 23, 2021, https://perma.cc/P34S5WQW 32 In 2020, women were 14 percent less likely than men to own a mobile phone, see “The Mobile Gender Gap Report 2020,” Mobile for Development, GSM Association, February 20, 2020, https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/GSMA-The-Mobile-Gender-Gap-Report-2020.pdf ; Htet Shine, “Key findings: Myanmar Living Conditions Survey 2017,” Myanmar Times, July 5, 2018, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/key-findings-myanmar-living-conditions-survey-2017.html; Katie Bartholomew and Rebecca Calder, “Myanmar Landscaping Report,” Kantar Public Myanmar and SPRING Accelerator, October 2018, https://www.springaccelerator.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Myanmargirl-landscaping-report-FINAL-2-October-2018.pdf. 33 “The Mobile Gender Gap Report 2020,” Mobile for Development, GSM Association, February 20, 2020, https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wpcontent/uploads/2020/05/GSMA-The-Mobile-Gender-Gap-Report-2020.pdf . 34 https://netblocks.org/reports/internet-disrupted-in-myanmar-amid-apparent-military-uprising-JBZrmlB6 35 “Data network restored in Myanmar,” Telenor Group, February 6, 2021, https://www.telenor.com/media/press-release/myanmar-authorities-orders-nationwide-shutdown-of-thedata-network https://netblocks.org/reports/internet-disrupted-in-myanmar-amid-apparent-military-uprising-JBZrmlB6 36 From the 9th March the shutdown times were changed from 1am-9am to 1am-6:30am https://netblocks.org/reports/internet-disrupted-in-myanmar-amid-apparent-militaryuprising-JBZrmlB6; https://www.accessnow.org/update-internet-access-censorship-myanmar/; https://twitter.com/cape_diamond/status/1387050152230146061 37 https://netblocks.org/reports/internet-disrupted-in-myanmar-amid-apparent-military-uprising-JBZrmlB6 38 https://netblocks.org/reports/internet-disrupted-in-myanmar-amid-apparent-military-uprising-JBZrmlB6 39 https://netblocks.org/reports/internet-disrupted-in-myanmar-amid-apparent-military-uprising-JBZrmlB6 40 In June 2020, just 0.5% of internet connections were fixed-line. This number increased as a result of Covid-19 but remains limited to a few users in major urban areas: https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/6%20Myanmar%20CLMV-%20Internet%20Exchange1.pdf 41 https://twitter.com/FreeExpressMm/status/1396881429586354178; https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Myanmar-Coup/Myanmar-allows-Tinder-but-axes-dissent-havens-TwitterFacebook 42 https://restofworld.org/2021/myanmar-one-blackout-ends-another-begins/ “Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar Interactive Dialogue with the Human Rights Council,” United Nations Human Rights – Office of the High Commissioner, March 10, 2020, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25698&LangID=E&fbclid=IwAR1CW1QsIzDLmbnOxnAR7cYqCsJxHbyIZ9gmYTFEdbVNPyoVY319Bjnp Free Expression Myanmar (FEM) and Freedom House - Freedom of the Net: Myanmar - အင်တာနက်ေပ*တွင် လွတ်လပ်မ/ - ြမန်မာ2ိ4င်ငံ - Page 1