Introduction 01 Since the February 2021 coup in Myanmar,2 there have been various forms of digital repression, including surveillance, internet shutdowns and the amendment and enactment of laws affecting digital and internet rights. Reports have highlighted targeted attacks against human rights defenders (HRDs), women human rights defenders (WHRDs) and other pro-democracy activists in the country, both offline and online. While the Freedom on the Net 2024 report by Freedom House stated that “activists, journalists, human rights defenders, and other dissidents have been regularly doxxed since the coup, usually over Telegram, TikTok, and Facebook,”3 Global Analysis 2022 by Front Line Defenders shows that WHRDs – in particular leaders in the post-coup Civil Disobedience Movement – have been “targeted with discriminatory tactics including public humiliation and verbal and sexual abuse by police and military forces.” In response to the escalating repression, the Myanmar Internet Project (MIP) in collaboration with the Association for Progressive Communications (APC) undertook to document and analyse the various forms of digital repression used by the junta, and in particular to examine how these tactics have affected WHRDs and other frontline activists. The objective of the research is to inform international advocacy efforts, in particular digital rights policy advocacy led by civil society organisations and rights-based coalitions. The study involved a qualitative analysis of reported instances of digital repression, including internet shutdowns, online attacks such as doxxing and accounts of online surveillance after the coup. Through desktop research, we also analysed the country’s legal framework, in particular the amendment and enactment of laws targeting the digital space. The literature review included United Nations (UN) documents, reports from local and international organisations such as Justice For Myanmar, Freedom House and Front Line Defenders, other civil society publications such as digital rights briefings, and relevant academic and media sources documenting digital repression in Myanmar. Online interviews were also conducted with 10 WHRDs and other activists to gather first-hand insights on the incidents they have faced. Due to the country’s sensitive political situation, 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid. 6