Table of contents Executive summary 4 Introduction 5 An ecosystem of digital repression 8 Unpacking the different types of digital repression 10 State control over digital spaces: Myanmar’s repressive legislation 10 Internet shutdowns: Restricting freedom of expression and of information 12 Expanding surveillance mechanisms 13 Impact on WHRDs: Self-censorship, online violence and increased vulnerability 16 Criminalisation, surveillance and freedom of expression 16 Technology-facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV) as tactic for digital repression 18 Increased vulnerability of women during internet shutdowns 19 Key findings 21 Recommendations 23 Key terms 25