Lisa Schirch Social Media Impacts on Social & Political Goods 21 ambiguous usernames. (Department of Mechanical Engineering 2006) The Pew Research Center found that while men more often reported less severe forms of harassment such as online name-calling and embarrassment, women overall were more concerned about online abuse, and young women reported more severe forms, including physical threats, posting of photoshopped pictures, sexual harassment, and stalking. (Dugan 2017) 39. Allowing Targeted Ads that Intentionally Exclude Specific Groups. Until 2017, white supremacist groups could sell Nazi merchandise or invite people to a white supremacy rally using Facebook’s Custom Audiences while making sure that Jews would not see the advertisement. (Angwin, Varner and Tobin 2017) It remained possible in 2018 for advertisers to intentionally exclude specific groups, such as ethnic or racial minorities, or people over 50, in their advertisements for housing or jobs on Facebook, despite repeated promises and several lawsuits pressing the company to fix this problem. (Tobin 2018) Facebook promised to ensure that advertisers could not discriminate against legally protected minorities in the US immediately and stated that this promise would eventually be extended to other countries. (Perez 2018) 40. Treating Small Countries as Social Media Laboratories. Facebook's "Free Basics" program provides Facebook access free of charge to those who cannot afford to buy internet service. But Free Basics offers a different version of Facebook than available in the US. In Cambodia, Bolivia, Sri Lanka, and other countries, the Facebook News Feed on Free Basics excludes stories from reputable news sources while allowing and amplifying fake news stories that people share with each other. This gives the public open access to disinformation but restricted access to accurate news sources. (Frenkel, Casey and Mozur 2018) In a related Facebook experiment in response to public concern about fake news on its platform, Facebook redesigned its site by splitting its News Feeds. One tab allowed notes from friends and families. A separate tab allowed news stories from professional news groups. The change greatly reduced exposure to professional news. A Slovenian journalist wrote about this Facebook experiment, “By picking small countries with shaky democratic institutions to be experimental subjects, it is showing a cynical lack of concern for how its decisions affect the most vulnerable. (Dojcinovic 2017) Facebook decided to end the experiment after negative public feedback. (Ingram 2018) 41. Recruiting and Organizing for Violent Extremist Groups. Before social media, a terror group like ISIS had little opportunity to communicate or recruit members outside of their own community. ISIS invests heavily in recruiting new members and supporters on social media. On average, every day ISIS uses social media to share three videos, fifteen photographic reports, 90, and between 46,000 and 70,000 pro-ISIS twitter posts. (Radsch 2016, 5) White supremacists in the US, Germany and other countries also rely heavily on social media to recruit and organize. German white nationalist groups coordinate flash mob attacks on immigrants via posts on social media. (Bennhold 2018)