“Crashing Down on Us” 73 Model Manufacturer Type Description Events Harbin Y-12 Harbin Aircraft Industry Group, a subsidiary of AVIC254 Transport Aircraft Originally used for shortrange transport, now modified to drop bombs manually during low-flying air raids in northern Shan State, Rakhine State, Karen State, Chin State, Karenni State, and Sagaing Region between November and December 2023.255 Since late 2023, Y-12 aircraft have been increasingly deployed by the Myanmar military to conduct airstrikes across conflict zones, including Shan, Chin, Rakhine, Karenni, and Sagaing regions, as part of major offensives such as Operation 1027 and subsequent campaigns in 2024.257 China supplied four Y-12 aircraft to the Myanmar military in 2021, which were ordered in 2020.256 On September 17, 2024, the Ta’ang National Liberation Army reported that a Harbin Y‑12 aircraft dropped more than 50 bombs on Hsipaw town, killing at least one civilian and burning houses in residential areas under the group’s control in northern Shan State.258 In 2025, local groups in Magway Region’s Myaing and Pauk townships, and Sagaing Region’s Kanbalu and Kani townships reported seeing Y-12 aircraft flying over during the airstrikes on March 3, May 21, and July 14, respectively.259 254 Business & Human Rights Resource Centre, “Harbin Aircraft Industry Group (HAIG),” website, https://www.businesshumanrights.org/en/companies/harbin-aircraft-industry-group-haig/. See also, Justice for Myanmar, #Airbusted, pp. 11-13. 255 Ibid.; “China-Made Y-12 Aircraft Increasingly Deployed by Air Force in Recent Bombing Raids Across Several Combat Zones,” Burma News International, December 21, 2023, https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/china-made-y-12-aircraftincreasingly-deployed-air-force-recent-bombing-raids-across-several. 256 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Arms Transfer Database, accessed July 28, 2025, https://armstransfers. sipri.org/ArmsTransfer/TransferData/transferDetail?entityId=813841. 257 “China-Made Y-12 Aircraft Increasingly Deployed by Air Force in Recent Bombing Raids Across Several Combat Zones,” Burma News International; “Myanmar junta deploys Y-12 aircraft for aerial bombing campaigns,” Mizzima, September 23, 2024, https://eng.mizzima.com/2024/09/23/14284; “Myanmar Junta Using Airstrikes to Defend Northern Shan Bases,” The Irrawaddy, December 22, 2023, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-junta-using-airstrikes-todefend-northern-shan-bases.html. 258 “Myanmar Junta Bombs Civilians as TNLA Tightens Noose in Northern Shan State,” The Irrawaddy, September 17, 2024, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-junta-bombs-civilians-as-tnla-tightens-noose-in-northernshan-state.html. 259 “Myanmar Junta Airstrikes Kill 12 Civilians Near Oil Field, Dozens Injured,” Mizzima, May 5, 2025, https://eng.mizzima. com/2025/03/05/19762?utm; “Myanmar Military Airstrikes Hit Kanbalu Township Villages, Kill Two Civilians and Displace Hundreds,” Mizzima, May 23, 2025, https://eng.mizzima.com/2025/05/23/22634?utm; “Thousands Displaced in Kani as Junta Flotilla Moves up the Chindwin River Accompanied by Airstrikes,” Mizzima, July 16, 2025, https://eng. mizzima.com/2025/07/16/24439?utm.