44 Brooten, McElhone and Venkiteswaran defamation (Human Rights Watch 2016). As a result, literature on the subject is sparse, even in print media. In-depth analyses in English of Myanmar-language media are also rare. This volume is the first in English to bring together empirical and theoretical contributions by scholars on different aspects of Myanmar media. These are compli­ mented by more descriptive pieces by experienced media professionals and reform advocates, whose work helps fill the gaps in the academic literature and provides context. Several chapters are collaborative efforts by academics and practitioners. Despite the political opening, there were interviewees — both local and foreign — who were reluctant to share information on the record, in order not to jeopardize relationships, including with donors or organizations working in the area, as well as out of a fear of reprisals. This is an indication that while legislative change may be possible in the short term, the deeper cultural patterns, such as the culture of fear around speaking openly, will take more time to overcome. The main purpose of this volume is to document and theorize the changes occurring since the political opening. But, more importantly, the intention is to spark conversations between academics, policymakers and media practitioners and to provide a historical foundation for reflections on the media landscape of Myanmar today and for the future. After decades of forced silence on topics of vital importance, Myanmar media now offer platforms for greater discussion and engagement, yet they are also being used for repressive purposes. This volume amply illustrates that, while media act as agents of change, and are themselves affected by change, they can also act as agents of restraint, holding officials to account, keeping an eye out for corruption. And, as agents of stability, some media, such as Myanmar’s state-run outlets, are maintaining the status quo rather than promoting a structural or cultural transition away from business-as-usual. This volume explores all of the phenomena in action during this current period of transition. Notes 1. The ICC has begun a preliminary examination of the forced displacement of the Rohingya and the international mission’s findings on gross human rights violations. The UN Human Rights Council passed a resolution on 27 September 2018 to create an independent mechanism to collect evidence of alleged crimes committed against the Rohingya. See Keaten (2018). 01 ch1-MyanmarMediaIT-5P.indd 44 8/4/19 10:29 am