Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................
8
RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................
14
14
23
29
31
33
34
35
To the Government of Myanmar
To ICT Companies
To CSOS, Human Rights Defenders and the Media
To Development Partners / Home Governments
To Investors in Myanmar’s ICT Sector
To Users
Annex to the Recommendations: Lawful Interception and Government Access to
User Data – The Characteristics of Rights-Respecting Models
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................
41
CHAPTER 2: ICT GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS, POLICIES & LEGAL
FRAMEWORKS ...............................................................................................
54
CHAPTER 3: SECTOR-LEVEL IMPACTS ......................................................
85
CHAPTER 4: OPERATIONAL-LEVEL IMPACTS ..........................................
119
ICT-Specific Impacts:
4.1 Freedom of Expression
4.2 Hate Speech
4.3 Privacy
4.4 Surveillance and Lawful Interception
4.5 Cyber-Security
121
139
151
165
180
Other Impacts Relevant to the ICT Sector:
4.6 Labour
4.7 Land
4.8 Groups at Risk
4.9 Stakeholder Engagement & Grievance
Mechanisms
4.10 Security and Conflict
Each Chapter
features sections on:
• National Context
• Field Research
Findings
• Recommendations
to Companies
189
208
222
237
254
CHAPTER 5: CUMULATIVE-LEVEL IMPACTS ............................................
265
ANNEX A: BACKGROUND ON SWIA METHODOLOGY...............................
271
3