3 needed to debate the ethics of the complex societal issues which arise from ICTs, and identify appropriate rights-based solutions. Table 32: A Myanmar Civil Society Initiative on Responsible Use of Social Media Panzagar (Flower Speech) is a grassroots campaign 181 founded by Nay Phone Latt, Executive Director of Myanmar ICT for Development Foundation (MIDO). Panzagar aims to promote responsible use of social media, and raise awareness of the implications resulting from online behavior. Panzagar has partnered with local graphic designers and Facebook to create a set of ‘digital stickers’ users can stick in comments or messages online. (See Chapter 4.2 on Hate Speech for further details) Use of ICT for Exploitation and Degrading Treatment: Cyber Bullying, Online Harassment, Non-Consensual Pornography (Revenge Porn) While not defined in international law, cyber-bullying refers to bullying that takes place over any electronic technology, including mobile phones, laptops, tablets, and desktop computers as well as online services such as emails, social media, instant messaging, or over a phone call. Cyber-bullying is deliberate and can include threats, insults, or rumours targeted solely at the victim and others to a larger audience online. Cyber-bullying can occur in numerous forms, and the impacts can be severe. 182 An emerging trend in cyberbullying is called ‘doxxing’ which refers to the public sharing of an individual’s personal identifying information online. In August 2015, Yangon police authorities publicly highlighted that anyone using ICTs to disturb, threaten or defame others in a sexual manner could face penalties of three to five years’ jail and/or a fine. 183 In 2011, a Myanmar woman studying in Singapore committed suicide after her exboyfriend posted public comments on her Facebook page accusing her of sexual promiscuity. 184 More recently, other women have reported threats of blackmail online. Blackmailers have threatened to distribute public profile pictures, along with posting degrading rumours online, and demanded mobile top up cards as payment to prevent the posting of personal information. 185 Women have reported receiving lewd photographs from individuals using fake Facebook accounts, who then demand that the women send them nude photographs. Non-Consensual Pornography (also referred to as ‘Revenge Porn’) is an emerging risk for Internet users around the world. This form of harassment can occur across ICTs (social media, chat applications, email, etc.) and involves the public distribution of photographs or video that was shared privately between two people. When private intimate content is shared publically, it can often go viral, spreading beyond the original platform it was 181 For more information on Panzagar see https://www.facebook.com/panzagar and Travelling Panzagar ibid 183 Myanmar Times, “Cyber sex offenders get time” (10 August 2015). 184 Asia One, “Ex-boyfriend called her a ‘loose woman”, (April 2011). 185 See 7 Day News Print Daily (20 May 2015). 182 108 PAGE CHAPTER 3: SECTOR-LEVEL IMPACTS