4.2.2 Rakhine State.................................................................................................................................. 22
......................................... 22
4.2.4 Law(lessness) ................................................................................................................................24
4.2.5 Social Media Surveillance .................................................................................................................24
4.2.6 Dalan (Informer) ............................................................................................................................. 26
4.2.3 Information and Communications Technology Infrastructure and Systems (ICT)
.................................................................................................... 27
4.3.1 Digital Safety & Security Practices ....................................................................................................27
4.3.2 Access to Information ...................................................................................................................... 29
4.3.3 Fake News & Propaganda .................................................................................................................30
4.3.4 (#WhatsHappeningInMyanmar) ..........................................................................................................30
4.3.5 Social Punishment, Hate Speech and Gender-Based Violence (GBV) .........................................................31
4.3 POST-COUP DIGITAL CULTURE
4.4 ONLINE - OFFLINE
.......................................................................................................................38
4.5 REGULATION ONLINE
....................................................................................................................39
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.....................................................................................41
5.1 DISCUSSION............................................................................................................................... 41
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
.................................................................................................................... 42
REFERENCES ...........................................................................................................................................................44
ANNEX I ....................................................................................................................................................................47
ANNEX II ..................................................................................................................................................................49
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