REFERENCES
Amnesty International. (2020a, April 13). Myanmar:
“I Will Not Surrender”: The Criminalization
of Human Rights Defenders and Activists in
Myanmar. Retrieved June 26, 2020, from
Amnesty International: https://www.amnesty.
org/en/documents/asa16/2041/2020/en/
Amnesty International. (2020b, April 27). Public
Statement Myanmar: Censorship Harms
COVID-19 Response. Retrieved July 12,
2020, from Amnesty International: https://
www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/
ASA1621842020ENGLISH.pdf
ASEAN Human Rights Declaration . (2013). ASEAN Human Rights Declaration. Jakarta: The ASEAN
Secreteriat.
Athan Myanmar. (2020). Analysis on Freedom of
Expression Situation in Four Years under the
Current Regime. Retrieved October 11, 2021,
from https://www.athanmyanmar.org/analysis-on-freedom-of-expression-situation-infour-years-under-the-current-regime/
Balkin, J. M. (2004). Digital Speech and Democratic
Culture: A Theory of Freedom of Expression
for the Information Society. New York University Law Review, 79(1), 1-58. Retrieved
11 1, 2021, from https://digitalcommons.
law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1239&context=fss_papers
Barojan, D. (2021). BuildingDigital Resilience Ahead
of Elections and Beyond. In S. Jayakumar, B.
Ang, & N. D. Anwar (Eds.), Disinformation and
Fake News (pp. 61-74). Singapore: Springer.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-155876-4
Base, J. (2016). Women’s Access to Justice in the Plural
Legal System of Myanmar. UN Women.
Retrieved October 05, 2021, from https://
www2.unwomen.org/-/media/field%20office%20eseasia/docs/publications/2016/04/
myanmar%20research%20report.pdf?la=en&vs=3114
Beech, H. (2021, March 01). Myanmar’s Military
Deploys Digital Arsenal of Repression in
Crackdown. Retrieved September 13, 2021,
from The New York Times: https://www.
nytimes.com/2021/03/01/world/asia/myanmar-coup-military-surveillance.html
Benkler, Y. (2006). The Wealth of Networks. Yale Uni-
44
versity Press. Retrieved 11 1, 2011, from benkler.org/Benkler_Wealth_Of_Networks.pdf
Bhasin, T., & Gandhi, J. (2013). Timing and Targeting of
State Repression in Authoritarian Elections.
Electoral Studies, 32(4), 620-631.
Burma Monitor, Progressive Voice & International
Human Right Clinic at Harvard Law School.
(2020). Hate Speech Ignited: Understanding
Hate Speech in Myanmar. Burma Monitor
and Progressive Voice. Retrieved October
17, 2021, from http://hrp.law.harvard.edu/
wp-content/uploads/2020/10/20201007-PVHate-Speech-Book-V-1.4-Web-ready1.pdf
Deibert , R. (2015). Authoritarianism Goes Global: Cyberspace Under Siege. Journal of Democracy,
26(3), 64-78.
Ewe, K., & Diamond, C. (2021, March 03). Myanmar
Coup: Soldiers Flood TikTok With Calls to Violence. Retrieved October 15, 2021, from Vice:
https://www.vice.com/en/article/jgq34b/
myanmar-coup-soldiers-flood-tiktok-withcalls-to-violence
Frankel, R. (2021, February 11). An Update on the
Situation in Myanmar. Retrieved November
12, 2021, from Meta: https://about.fb.com/
news/2021/02/an-update-on-myanmar/
Castronuovo, C. (2021, May 03). YouTube removes
channels run by Myanmar military. Retrieved
November 12, 2021, from The Hill: https://
thehill.com/policy/technology/541777-youtube-removes-channels-run-by-myanmar-military
Freedom House. (2021). Freedom on The Net 2020:
Myanmar. Retrieved 10 2021, 17, from
Feedom House: https://freedomhouse.org/
country/myanmar/freedom-net/2021?fbclid=IwAR2i70slgUPZAtKstnPICWQ6f93u-LtTYsdpWQMmTmQwn-ZWVrldpMAWWYg
CIVICUS. (2019). People Power Under Attack. CIVICUS.
Retrieved 11 18, 2021, from https://civicus.
org/documents/GlobalCIVICUSMonitorReport.2019.pdf
Frontier Myanmar. (2021, June 30). Whitelisted internet takes Myanmar back to a ‘dark age’.
Retrieved September 10, 2021, from Frontier
Myanmar: https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/
en/whitelisted-internet-takes-myanmar-backto-a-dark-age/
CIVICUS. (2019, July 03). Statement: Severe restrictions to fundamental freedoms persist in
Myanmar. Retrieved July 19, 2020, from
CIVICUS: https://www.civicus.org/index.php/
media-resources/news/united-nations/geneva/3922-statement-severe-restrictions-to-fundamental-freedoms-persist-in-myanmar
Committee to Protect Journalists. (2021, July 28). Bitter
reversal: Myanmar Military Coup Wipes out
Press Freedom Gains. Retrieved September
12, 2021, from Committee to Protect Journalists: https://cpj.org/reports/2021/07/
bitter-reversal-myanmar-journalists-jailed-imprisoned-military-crackdown/
Constitution of the Republic Union of Myanmar.
(2008). Constitution of the Republic Union of
Myanmar. Ministry of Information.
Council of Europe. (2019). Digital Citizenship Education Handbook. Council of Europe Publishing.
Retrieved 11 18, 2021, from https://rm.coe.
int/digital-citizenship-education-handbook/168093586f
Datareportal. (2021, February 12). Datareportal.
Retrieved October 05, 2021, from Datareportal: https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-myanmar
Gandhi, J. (2018). The Institutional Roots of Democratic
Backsliding. Journal of Politics, 81(1), 11–16.
Greitens, S. C. (2013). Authoritarianism online: What
Can We Learn From Internet Data in Nondemocracies. Political Science and Politics, 46(2),
262–270.
Guest, P. (2021, Febraury 2). How misinformation
fueled a coup in Myanmar. Retrieved 11 17,
2021, from https://restofworld.org/2021/
how-misinformation-fueled-a-coup-in-myanmar/
Harding, A. (2007). (Andrew Harding, “The Burmese
Junta’s Diplomatic Dance,”) Retrieved 11
2021, 1, from BBC News Online: http://news.
bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7086709.stm
Human Rights Watch. (2020, June 19). Myanmar: End
World’s Longest Internet Shutdown. Retrieved
August 19, 2021, from Human Rights Watch:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/06/19/
myanmar-end-worlds-longest-internet-shutdown
Human Rights Watch. (2021, March 02). Myanmar:
Post-Coup Legal Changes Erode Human