2019 GLOBAL INVENTORY OF ORGANISED SOCIAL MEDIA MANIPULATION Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the European Research Council for the research project, “Computational Propaganda: Investigating the Impact of Algorithms and Bots on Political Discourse in Europe,” Proposal 648311, 2015–2020, Philip N. Howard, Principal Investigator. Additional support for this study has been provided by the Hewlette Foundation, Luminate and the Adessium Foundation. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funders, the Oxford Internet Institute, or University of Oxford. For their assistance and advice on this research, we are grateful to Ualan Campbell-Smith, Amelie Henle, Caio Machado, and Cailean Osborne for collecting the preliminary data and drafting country profiles about social media manipulation for the countries outlined in this report. We are also extremely grateful to Akin Unver, Alberto Lalama, Alexi Abrahams, Angelina Huyun, Arzu Geybulla, Ben Nimmo, Bence Kollanyi, Chris Roper, Darko Brkan, Didac Fabregas-Badosa, Gabby Lim, Ingrid Grodnig, Iva Nenedic, Lisa-Maria Neudert, Marc Owen Jones, Martin Becerra, Mimie Liotsiou, Monika Kaminska, Nahema Marchal, Nick Monaco, Niki Cheong, Olivier Milland, Philip Di Salvo, Ralph Schroeder, Rosemary Ajayi, Sabine Niederer, Sanjana Hattotuwa, Vidya Narayanan, Tamar Kintsurashvili, and Tom Sear, as well as the many anonymous experts we consulted for this project. Their country-specific expertise and networks were essential for ensuring the reliability and validity of our data. We thank them for their time and assistance in reviewing country profiles, and for providing us with additional sources, citations, and data-points to include in this report. Authors Biographies Samantha Bradshaw is a leading expert on technology and Philip N. Howard is a professor and writer. He teaches at the democracy. Her dissertation research examines the producers University of Oxford, directs the Oxford Internet Institute, and and drivers of disinformation, and how technology—artificial is a statutory Professor at Balliol College. He writes about intelligence, automation and big data analytics—enhance information politics and international affairs, and he is the author and constrain the spread of disinformation online. At the of eight books, including The Managed Citizen, Pax Technica: forefront of theoretical and methodological approaches for How the Internet of Things May Set Us Free or Lock Us Up, and studying, analysing and explicating the complex relationship most recently Computational Propaganda. He has won multiple between social media and democracy, Samantha’s research 'best book' awards, and his research and commentary writing has helped advance academic debate, public understanding has been featured in the New York Times, Washington Post, and policy discussions around the impact of technology on and many international media outlets. Foreign Policy magazine political expression and privacy. Samantha is completing her named him a 'Global Thinker' for 2018 and the National PhD at the Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford and Democratic Institute awarded him their 'Democracy Prize' for is a Researcher on the Computational Propaganda Project. pioneering the social science of fake news. His next book, Lie Samantha tweets from @sbradshaww. Machines: How to Save Democracy from Troll Armies, Deceitful Robots, Junk News Operations and Political Operatives is at www.philhoward.org and tweets from @pnhoward. [ 23 ] DESIGNED BY ARRADESIGN.CO.UK forthcoming from Yale University Press in early 2020. He blogs