2019 GLOBAL INVENTORY OF ORGANISED SOCIAL MEDIA MANIPULATION 71% spread pro-government or pro-party propaganda 89% use computational Messaging and Valence Cyber troops use a variety of messaging and valence strategies when communicating with users online. Valence describes how attractive or unattractive a message, event, or thing is. For the 2019 report, we have expanded our typology of messaging and valence strategies that cyber troops use when engaging in conversations with users online: (1) spreading pro-government or pro-party propaganda; propaganda to attack political opposition (2) attacking the opposition or mounting smear campaigns; 34% spread polarising (4) driving division and polarization; and messages designed to drive divisions within society (3) distracting or diverting conversations or criticism away from important issues; (5) suppressing participation through personal attacks or harassment. [ 13 ]