refer to cyclical processes in which the output of a
system is captured as data and fed back into the
system as input to automatically trigger modifications, optimizations, or learning.
42. Kasy (2025).
43. UNCTAD (2026).
44. Longpre et al. (2024).
45. India, PIB (2024); Product Statistics: UPI (data
page), National Payments Corporation of India,
ht tps://w w w.npci.org.in/product /upi/product
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46. India, NITI Aayog (2020).
47. Azar and Marinescu (2024); Dube et al. (2020).
48. Perrigo (2023).
49. Espada (2023).
50. Roberts (2019).
51. Ludwig and Mullainathan (2021).
52. Jarrahi et al. (2021); Kellogg et al. (2020).
53. ILO (2018).
54. Beraja et al. (2023).
55. Based on the latest available reliable information
from Feldstein (2019).
56. Dressel and Farid (2018); Lee et al. (2024);
Richardson et al. (2019).
57. Arnold et al. (2021); Dobbie et al. (2018).
58. Shwartz Altshuler and Hershkowitz (2020).
59. Hill (2021).
60. For details, refer to Nestulia et al. (2019).
61. Kelman and Yukins (2022).
62. Funk et al. (2023).
63. Bond (2024).
64. UNESCO (2025).
65. Kreps et al. (2022).
66. Ryan (2025).
67. Chesney and Citron (2019).
68. Larreguy et al. (2020); Pande (2011).
69. Hackenburg et al. (2025).
70. Brady et al. (2020).
71. Merrill and Oremus (2021).
72. UNHRC (2018).
73. BBC (2021); Hale and Peralta (2021).
74. Jakesch et al. (2023).
75. Anderson et al. (2024); Padmakumar and He (2024).
76. Doshi and Hauser (2024).
77. Merrill and Oremus (2021).
78. Larreguy and Raffler (2025).
79. Bowles et al. (2025).
80. Enríquez et al. (2025).
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World Development Report 2026