Is Social Media a Threat to Democracy? WORKS REFERENCED • Michael Bueza, IN NUMBERS: The Philippines’ ‘war on drugs,’ Rappler, Updated Publication April 23, 2017, https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/145814numbers-statistics-philippines-war-drugs • Maria Ressa, Propaganda war: Weaponizing the Internet, Rappler, Updated October 3, 2016, http://www.rappler. com/nation/148007-propaganda-war-weaponizinginternet • Twitter Blog, Twitter Samvad brings digital governance to the masses, Posted March 24, 2015, https://blog.twitter. com/official/en_in/a/2015/twitter-samvad-brings-digitalgovernance-to-the-masses.html • Bence Kollanyi, Philip N. Howard and Samuel C. Woolley, Bots and Automation over Twitter during the U.S. Election, http://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/ uploads/sites/89/2016/11/Data-Memo-US-Election.pdf • Michael Newberg, As many as 48 million Twitter accounts aren’t people, says study, CNBC, Published March 10, 2017, http://www.cnbc.com/2017/03/10/nearly-48-milliontwitter-accounts-could-be-bots-says-study.html • Alessandro Bessi and Emilio Ferrara, Social bots distort the 2016 U.S. Presidential election (online discussion), First Monday, Volume 21, Number 11-7 November 2016, http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/ view/7090/5653. • Jonathon Morgan, Sockpuppets, Secessionists, and Breitbart, Medium, https://medium.com/data-fordemocracy/sockpuppets-secessionists-and-breitbart7171b1134cd5 • Raghu Karnad, It’s Not What Modi Is Tweeting – It’s What He Is Reading, The Wire, Published September 2, 2017, https://thewire.in/107145/narendra-modi-twitter-trolls/ • Andrew Marantz, Trolls for Trump, The New Yorker, Published in October 31, 2016 issue, http://www. newyorker.com/magazine/2016/10/31/trolls-for-trump • Chay F. Hofileña, Fake accounts, manufactured reality on social media, Rappler, Updated October 15, 2016, http:// www.rappler.com/newsbreak/investigative/148347-fakeaccounts-manufactured-reality-social-media • Maria Ressa, How Facebook algorithms impact democracy, Rappler, Updated October 9, 2016, http://www.rappler. com/newsbreak/148536-facebook-algorithms-impactdemocracy Issue Five: Manipulation, micro-targeting and behavior change • Philip N. Howard and Robert Gorwa, Facebook could tell us how Russia interfered in our elections. Why won’t it?, The Washington Post, Updated May 20, 2017, https:// www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/facebook-could-tellus-how-russia-interfered-in-our-elections-why-wontit/2017/05/19/c061a606-3b21-11e7-8854-21f359183e8c_ story.html • Hannes Grassegger and Mikael Krogerus, The Data That Turned the World Upside Down, Vice, Published January 28, 2017, https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/ mg9vvn/how-our-likes-helped-trump-win • Berit Anderson, The Rise of the Weaponized AI Propaganda Machine, Medium, Published February 12, 2017, https://medium.com/join-scout/the-rise-of-theweaponized-ai-propaganda-machine-86dac61668b • Mathew Ingram, How Google and Facebook Have Taken Over the Digital Ad Industry, Fortune, Published January 4, 2017, http://fortune.com/2017/01/04/google-facebookad-industry/ • Matthew Garrahan, Advertising: Facebook and Google build a duopoly, Financial Times, Published June 23, 2016, https://www.ft.com/content/6c6b74a4-3920-11e6-9a0582a9b15a8ee7 • Young Mie Kim, Algorithmic Opportunity: Digital Advertising and Inequality in Political Involvement, The Forum: A Journal of Applied Research in Contemporary Politics. (December 2016) 4:359. https://doi.org/10.1515/for-20160034 • Glenn Greenwald and Ewan MacAskill, NSA Prism program taps in to user data of Apple, Google and others, The Guardian, Original Publication June 7, 2013, https:// www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/us-techgiants-nsa-data • Tim Wu, Please Prove You’re Not a Robot, The New York Times, Original Publication July 15, 2017, https://www. nytimes.com/2017/07/15/opinion/sunday/please-proveyoure-not-a-robot.html • Berkman Klein Center, Partisan Right-Wing Websites Shaped Mainstream Press Coverage Before 2016 Election, Berkman Klein Study Finds, August 16, 2017, https:// cyber.harvard.edu/node/99982 * May require a subscription to access © Copyright The Omidyar Group 2017. All rights reserved. PAGE 19