An Overview of Cyber Troop Activity in Cuba. Organizational Form Computational propaganda techniques are used by the government to manipulate information and promote pro-government narratives and harass opposition figures (Freedom House, 2019). Students loyal to the Communist Party are allegedly being used as social media marketers, to amplify messages supporting the government and attacking opposition. A local news outlet has reported that students from the University of Information Science in Havana are responsible for spreading socialist propaganda on Twitter, during events they referred to as the "Twitazo” (Torres & Vela, 2018). On the other hand, interference from foreign governments in domestic political debate has been recorded for some time. In 2014, news outlets reported that the US government had developed and implemented an app aimed at undermining the Cuban government. According to the news articles (Associated Press, 2014), the US Agency for International Development (USAID) launched the app ZunZuneo, a social network built on texts. “According to documents obtained by the Associated Press and multiple interviews with people involved in the project, the plan was to develop a bare-bones "Cuban Twitter," using cell-phone text messaging to evade Cuba's strict control of information and its stranglehold restrictions over the internet.” Documents show that the US government planned to build a subscriber base through "non-controversial content" and then introduce political content aimed at inspiring Cubans to organize demonstrations against the regime. According to the Associated Press (2014), “at its peak, the project drew in more than 40,000 Cubans to share news and exchange opinions. But its subscribers were never aware it was created by the US government, or that American contractors were gathering their private data in the hope that it might be used for political purposes”. Additionally, reports (Iannelli, 2018; Norton, 2018) accuse the US Office of Cuba Broadcasting of using “native” and “non-branded” accounts on Facebook and YouTube to spread right-wing, pro-US, pro-capitalist propaganda in Cuba. A spokesperson of the Broadcasting Board of Governors said the project never took off, though this statement appears unverifiable at the moment. Table 1: Organizational Form and Prevalence of Social Media Manipulation in Cuba Initial Government Politicians & Private Civil Society Citizens & Report Agencies Parties Contractors Organizations Influencers 2014 Evidence found Evidence found Source: Authors’ evaluations based on data collected. Blank spaces indicate no evidence was found. Strategies, Tools, and Techniques Human rights activists have reported the use of technical tools to manipulate public debate. The Foundation for Human Rights in Cuba (FHRC) has denounced the growing use of digital tools of cyber warfare against political dissidents in Cuba. They reported situations in which their email and Facebook accounts were hacked and have reported more than 14,000 viral attacks on their websites (Foundation for Human Rights in Cuba, 2017). The objective, according to FHRC, is to generate or exacerbate conflicts among various organizations and to discredit them by resorting to the techniques of modern black propaganda: falsifying statements, 109