44 The Nyhan-Chen team refined its analysis without changing its central findings in a forthcoming paper. 45 https://www.techtransparencyproject.org/articles/youtubes-filterbubble-problem-worse-fox-news-viewers 46 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/01/technology/fringe-mainstreamsocial-media.html 47 https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/frank-james-charged-brooklynmass-shooting-new-york-subway 48 https://www.npr.org/2021/04/13/986678544/exploring-youtube-andthe-spread-of-disinformation 49 https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/72857?hl=en 50 https://abc.xyz/investor/static/pdf/2021_Q4_Earnings_Transcript. pdf?cache=0118641 51 https://journals-sagepub-com.proxy.library.nyu.edu/doi/ pdf/10.1177/1527476419879919 52 https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCG749Dj4V2fKa143f8sE60Q 53 Leaked emails: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IM4rnNcvPI; vaccine passport chip: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=YRjKdziEewc 54 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/06/us/politics/proud-boyscharged-sedition-capitol-attack.html. YouTube banned Jones in 2018 for violating its guidelines against promoting hatred and violence. Jones did not respond to emails seeking his comment. 55 https://socialblade.com/youtube/user/timcasts 56 https://archive.ph/HhBrz. 57 https://timcast.com/members-area/section/timcast-irl/page/3/ 58 https://spectatorworld.com/author/amber-athey/ 59 https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.10143 73 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/13/coronavirusconspiracy-theories-targeting-muslims-spread-in-india; https://thewire. in/communalism/hindutva-ecosystem-muslim-fruit-sellers-threat-india 74 https://firstdraftnews.org/articles/tablighi-jamaat-blamed-for-covid-19spread-on-india-youtube/ 75 https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/08/25/india-youtube-starshatemongers-nationalism/ 76 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-57764271 77 https://www.boomlive.in/fact-check/video-from-syria-peddled-asfatal-crash-that-killed-cds-bipin-rawat-15932; https://www.boomlive.in/ fact-check/indian-media-taliban-afghanistan-united-states-old-photosvideos-14578 78 https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/20/indias-social-media-law-puts-bigtechs-power-into-states-hands-critics-say.html 79 https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/11/world/americas/youtube-brazil. html 80 https://www.poynter.org/ifcn/2022/aos-fatos-brazil-bolsonaro-disinfomachine/ 81 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0163443720977301 82 https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/09/world/americas/bolsonarosocial-networks.html 83 https://blog.youtube/intl/pt-br/news-and-events/youtube-brasil-einternational-center-for-journalists-icfj-anunciam-programa-de-apoioao-jornalismo-no-combate-a-desinformacao/ 84 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-youtube-myanmar-misinformation/ youtube-faces-complaints-of-lax-approach-on-overseas-electionmisinformation-idUSKBN28S0QE 85 https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/11/20/1039076/facebookgoogle-disinformation-clickbait/ 60 Disputing a central premise of the Cornell Tech study, YouTube maintains that demonetization is merely the withdrawal of a privilege, not a form of content moderation. 86 https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/tag-bulletin-q3-2021/ 61 https://www.platformer.news/p/how-youtube-failed-the-2020-election 88 https://www.techdirt.com/2021/05/12/content-moderation-casestudy-youtubes-new-policy-nazi-content-results-removal-historicaleducation-videos-2019/ 62 Crowder did not respond to emails seeking his comment. 63 https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/youtubesuspends-oann-channel-over-covid-19-misinformation-4097052/. YouTube uses a three-strike system of escalating penalties for violation of its Community Guidelines. 64 https://252f2edd-1c8b-49f5-9bb2-cb57bb47e4ba.filesusr.com/ugd/ f4d9b9_b7cedc0553604720b7137f8663366ee5.pdf 65 https://blog.youtube/news-and-events/managing-harmful-vaccinecontent-youtube/ 66 https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/09/29/youtubeban-joseph-mercola/ 67 https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/06/technology/myanmar-facebook. html 87 https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/anti-myanmar-hatespeech-flares-thailand-over-virus-2020-12-24/ 89 https://bhr.stern.nyu.edu/tech-content-moderation-june-2020 90 https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-55762104; https://www. nytimes.com/2021/07/16/us/politics/biden-facebook-social-mediacovid.html 91 These bills include, in the House, the Democratic-sponsored Digital Services Oversight and Safety Act and Online Consumer Protection Act and, in the Senate, the bipartisan Platform Accountability and Transparency Act and Platform Accountability and Consumer Transparency Act. 92 https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_2545 68 https://www.eff.org/files/2022/04/13/ openletterukrainesocialmediaplatforms16.pdf 69 https://techpolicy.press/human-rights-groups-call-on-tech-platformsto-reform-practices-in-crisis-zones/ 70 https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.10143 71 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/01/world/asia/south-korea-menanti-feminists.html 72 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08838151.2020.1799690 24 HOW YOUTUBE SPREADS HARMFUL CONTENT – AND WHAT CAN BE DONE ABOUT IT