Htoo Thant, “Govt considering new cyber law, minister says,” Myanmar Times, December 13, 2018, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/govt-considering-new-cyber-law-minister-says.html. Discussions from participants at the Myanmar Digital Rights Forum, January 18, 2019. “Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Law No. 3/2019 - Trademark Law,” Myanmar Law Library, 2019, http://www.myanmar-law-library.org/law-library/laws-and-regulations/laws/myanmar-laws-1988until-now/national-league-for-democracy-2016/myanmar-laws-2019/pyidaungsu-hluttaw-law-no-3-2019-trademark-law-burmese.html; “Myanmar Passes Long-Awaited Trademark Law,” Tilleke & Gibbins, February 1, 2019, https://www.tilleke.com/resources/myanmar-passes-long-awaited-trademark-law. 159 “Myanmar Passes Patent Law,” Tilleke & Gibbens, Lexology, March 14, 2019, https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=37278f03-6667-47c9-a531-5bb7f92c0ddc. 160 “Myanmar Enacts Copyright Law,” Tilleke & Gibbens, Lexology, May 24, 2019, https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=89cfb0ea-acf2-4c3a-aea0-40ebd097deaf. 161 “Anti-Hate Speech draft law submitted to Myanmar parliament,” Coconuts Yangon, September 28, 2017, https://coconuts.co/yangon/news/anti-hate-speech-draft-law-submittedparliament/. 162 Ei Ei Toe Lwin, “Draft hate speech bill sent to parliament,” Myanmar Times, September 27, 2017, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/draft-hate-speech-bill-sent-parliament.html. 163 Personal communications with members of the Harmony Working Group, Yangon, February 2018. 164 “Mid-term Report on Freedom of Expression,” ATHAN Freedom of Expression Activist Organization, October 28, 2018, https://equalitymyanmar.org/mid-term-report-on-freedom-ofexpression/. 165 Victoria Milko, “Tracking 66(d),” Frontier Myanmar, April 20, 2018, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/tracking-66d. 166 Htike Nanda Win, “Report: Most complaints under Section 66(d) made by officials,” Myanmar Times, December 13, 2017, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/report-most-complaintsunder-section-66d-made-officials.html. 167 “66(d): No real change,” Free Expression Myanmar, December 2017, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/66d-no-real-change.pdf. 168 Sean Gleeson, “Myanmar Now editor Ko Swe Win arrested at Yangon Airport,” Frontier Myanmar, July 30, 2017, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/myanmar-now-editor-ko-swe-winarrested-at-yangon-airport. 169 Htun Khaing, “Prominent reporter refuses to apologise after Ma Ba Tha files defamation suit,” Frontier Myanmar, March 8, 2017, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/prominent-reporterrefuses-to-apologise-after-ma-ba-tha-files-defamation-suit. 170 “Joint statement: Myanmar authorities must drop the case against Ko Swe Win and decriminalise defamation,” International Commission of Jurists, March 7, 2019, https://www.icj.org/joint-statement-myanmar-authorities-must-drop-the-case-against-ko-swe-win-and-decriminalise-defamation/. 171 “Reuters journalists freed from Myanmar prison,” Reuters, Timeline, https://www.reuters.com/subjects/myanmar-reporters. 172 “Myanmar Supreme Court agrees to rule on journalists’ appeal,” AP news, March 26, 2019, https://www.apnews.com/f33926c7deeb4dc487c5013ea2163bc8. 173 “Former columnist jailed for 'abusive' Facebook posts on Aung San Suu Kyi,” France 24, September 19, 2018, https://www.france24.com/en/20180919-myanmar-facebook-posts-columnistaung-san-suu-kyi. 174 Kyaw Ye Lynn, “Interview, terminated: A bridge too far for Mon State chief minister,” Frontier Myanmar, March 4, 2019, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/interview-terminated-a-bridge-toofar-for-mon-state-chief-minister. 175 Nyan Soe Win, “Netizen Sued After Criticizing Mon State Chief Minister on Facebook,” The Irrawaddy, January 8, 2018, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/netizen-sued-criticizingmon-state-chief-minister-facebook.html. 176 “Burma: Privacy Law Used to Prosecute Critics,” Human Rights Watch, January 12, 2018, https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/01/12/burma-privacy-law-used-prosecute-critics. 177 Aung Kyaw Nyunt, “SIM card registration to be enforced in 2017,” Myanmar Times, August 3, 2016, https://www.mmtimes.com/business/technology/21728-sim-card-registration-to-beenforced-in-2017.html. 178 Aung Kyaw Nyunt, “SIM card registration to be enforced in 2017,” Myanmar Times, August 3, 2016, http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/business/technology/21728-sim-card-registrationto-be-enforced-in-2017.html. 179 Nay Myo Tun, “6m unregistered SIM cards axed,” Eleven Media, August 19, 2017, http://www.elevenmyanmar.com/local/11171. 180 “Myanmar in bid to tackle unregistered SIM cards,” Xinhua Net, March 24, 2019, http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-03/24/c_137920164.htm. 181 “Printing and Publishing Law, No. 13,” Free Expression Myanmar, March 14, 2014, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Printing-and-Publishing-Law-EN.pdf. 182 “MCRB provides initial comments to government on the draft cybersecurity framework, and discusses cybersecurity with MPs,” Myanmar Center for Responsible Business, February 4, 2019, https://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/draft-cybersecurity-framework.html; Htoo Thant, “Japan helps Myanmar to enact cybersecurity law,” Myanmar Times, January 15, 2019, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/japan-helps-myanmar-enact-cybersecurity-law.html; Discussions from participants at the Myanmar Digital Rights Forum, 18 January 2019. 183 Personal experience of the author when accompanying persons attending police interviews, Yangon, between January and May 2018. 184 Personal communications with a range of interviewees that have been arrested for protesting or for other forms of activism online, July 2017 to March 2018. 185 “Myanmar Lawyer Says Evidence from Reuters Reporters��� Phones May Be ‘Tainted’,” The Irrawaddy, May 30, 2018, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/myanmar-lawyer-says-evidencereuters-reporters-phones-may-tainted.html. 186 Timothy LcLaughlin, “Asia & Pacific Security-tech companies once flocked to Myanmar. One firm’s tools were used against two journalists. ,” The Washington Post, May 4, 2019, 156 157 158 https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/security-tech-companies-once-flocked-to-myanmar-one-firms-tools-were-used-against-two-journalists-/2019/05/04/d4e9f7f0-5b5d-11e9-b8e3b03311fbbbfe_story.html?utm_term=.aa9108eef3db. 187 Moe Moe, “New Body to Track Online Instigators Who Harm Govt, Sovereignty,” The Irrawaddy, May 23, 2018, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/new-body-track-onlineinstigators-harm-govt-sovereignty.html. 188 Moe Moe, “Parliament Approves Funds for Internet Oversight Body,” The Irrawaddy, March 21, 2018, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/parliament-approves-funds-internet-oversightbody.html. 189 Nyein Zaw Lin, “Social media team will not spy on netizens, official says,” Myanmar Times, May 23, 2018, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/social-media-team-will-not-spy-netizensofficial-says.html. 190 Zaw Zaw Htwe and Aung Kyaw Nyunt, “Critics rail against govt budget for monitoring of Facebook,” Myanmar Times, March 22, 2018, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/critics-railagainst-govt-budget-monitoring-facebook.html. 191 Nay Phyo Win, “Government allots over 6 billion kyats to form social media watchdog,” DVB, March 19, 2018, http://images.dvb.no/news/government-allots-6-billion-kyats-form-socialmedia-watchdog/80207. 192 Nyein Zaw Lin, “Social media team will not spy on netizens, official says,” Myanmar Times, May 23, 2018, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/social-media-team-will-not-spy-netizensofficial-says.html. 193 194 Personal communication with the head of a civil society organization working on digital rights, Yangon, June 2018. https://www.mmtimes.com/news/social-media-team-will-not-spy-netizens-official-says.html. Civil society attempts to engage with the SMMT in December 2018 were rebuffed by the Ministry of Transport and Communications, staff at which initially stated that they were not aware of the department and later failed to reply. Discussions with digital activists in Yangon, December 2018. 196 “Parliament to Debate $95-Million S. Korean Loan for Gov’t Data Center,” The Irrawaddy, December 3, 2018, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/parliament-debate-95-million-skorean-loan-govt-data-center.html. 197 Aung Kyaw Nyunt, “Government to build integrated data centre with S. Korean aid,” Myanmar Times, April 20, 2018, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/government-build-integrateddata-centre-s-korean-aid.html. 198 Kyaw Ko Ko, “Mandalay moves closer to e-government with data centre,” Myanmar Times, January 28, 2019, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/mandalay-moves-closer-e-government-datacentre.html. 199 Discussions among digital rights activists at the Myanmar Digital Rights Forum, Yangon, January 18 2019. 200 One telecommunications operator has stated off the record that the police have repeatedly requested data without any form of court warrant. Interview in Yangon, December 2018.; Examples of efforts to better protect data include at least one civil society organization working with local businesses in Yangon to develop privacy policies. 201 “WhatsApp the Media Platform of Choice for ARSA,” The Irrawaddy, June 12, 2018, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/whatsapp-the-media-platform-of-choice-for-arsa.html. 202 “Law Protecting the Privacy and Security of Citizens,” Article 8, Unofficial translation MCRB, Myanmar Responsible Business, March 8, 2017, http://www.myanmarresponsiblebusiness.org/pdf/Law-Protecting-Privacy-and-Security-of-Citizens_en_unofficial.pdf; “ Law Protecting the Privacy and Security of Citizens,” Free Expression Myanmar, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/laws/law-protecting-the-privacy-and-security-of-citizens/. 203 “Lack of Consultation on the Citizens Privacy and Security Law is a Missed Opportunity,” Myanmar Responsible Business, March 13, 2017, http://www.myanmarresponsiblebusiness.org/news/lack-of-consultation-citizens-privacy-and-security-law.html; Tin Htet Paing, “Critics Skeptical of New Privacy Legislation,” The Irrawaddy, March 15, 2007, 195 https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/critics-skeptical-of-new-privacy-legislation.html. 204 “Realising Digital Myanmar,” Telenor, last modified February 6, 2018, https://www.telenor.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Telenor-Realising-Digital-Myanmar-Report-06-February.pdf; “Chapter 4.3 Privacy,” SWIA, Myanmar Responsible Business, http://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/pdf/SWIA/ICT/Chapter-04.03-Privacy.pdf. 205 “Telecommunications Law,” Law. No. 31/2013, Article 75, Free Expression Myanmar, October 8, 2013, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wpcontent/uploads/2017/07/telecommunications-law-en.pdf. 206 “Telecommunications Law,” Law. No. 31/2013, Article 75, Free Expression Myanmar, October 8, 2013, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wpcontent/uploads/2017/07/telecommunications-law-en.pdf. 207 “Telecommunications Law,” Law. No. 31/2013, Article 76, Free Expression Myanmar, October 8, 2013, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wpcontent/uploads/2017/07/telecommunications-law-en.pdf. 208 “Guiding Drug Law Reform in Myanmar,” Drug Policy Advocacy Group, Transnational Institute (TNI,) November 29, 2017, https://www.tni.org/en/publication/guiding-drug-law-reform-inmyanmar. Telenor is one of the only telecommunications operators in Myanmar that appears to proactively publish information on government requests, in its annual Sustainable Business Briefings, see “Telenor Myanmar 6th Annual Sustainable Business Briefing 2019,” About, Sustainability, Telenor, 2019, https://www.telenor.com.mm/en/about/sustainability; “Authority Requests Disclosure Report,” Telenor Group, 2018, https://www.telenor.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Telenor-Authority-request-report-2018.pdf. 209 Free Expression Myanmar (FEM) and Freedom House - Freedom of the Net: Myanmar - အင်တာနက်ေပ*တွင် လွတ်လပ်မ/ - ြမန်မာ2ိ4င်ငံ - Page 40