Discussion with women human rights defender, Yangon, March 2019. Htet Naing Zaw, “Incoming Info Minister Pe Myint: ‘I Will Ensure Press Freedom’,” The Irrawaddy, March 28, 2016, https://www.irrawaddy.com/in-person/interview/incoming-infominister-pe-myint-will-ensure-press-freedom.html. 100 Nyan Hlaing Lynn, “Pe Myint: ‘A government needs to inform the people’,” Frontier Myanmar, May 6, 2016, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/pe-myint-a-government-needs-to-inform-thepeople. 101 “Myanmar,” Freedom of the Press 2017, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2017/myanmar. 102 Discussions at the Myanmar Media Conference, Naypyidaw, December 2018. 103 Mratt Kyaw Thu, “Tatmadaw warns journalists against calling domestic conflicts ‘civil wars’,” Frontier Myanmar, January 18, 2019, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/tatmadaw-warnsjournalists-against-calling-domestic-conflicts-civil-wars. 104 Often posts included disinformation around specific human rights violations and includes graphic imagery. For example, in March 2018, in response to criticism from the British government, the Office of the Commander-in-Chief posted on its Facebook page images of dismembered children alleging that they were killed by the Rohingya, see https://www.wired.com/story/how-facebooks-rise-fueled-chaos-and-confusion-in-myanmar/. 105 Paul Mozur, “A Genocide Incited on Facebook, With Posts From Myanmar’s Military,” New York Times, October 15, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/technology/myanmar98 99 facebook-genocide.html. 106 https://www.facebook.com/MOIWebportalMyanmar/. 107 https://www.facebook.com/state.counsellor/. 108 https://www.facebook.com/InfomationCommittee/. 109 Lynn Kuok, “While the World Sleeps, Myanmar Burns,” Foreign Affairs, September 28, 2017, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/burma-myanmar/2017-09-28/while-world-sleeps- myanmar-burns. Some human rights defenders believe that Aung san Suu Kyi wanted to distance herself from the page as posts became more and more controversial, such as the infamous “Fake Rape” graphics, see Rossalyn Warren, “Aung San Suu Kyi once called for a free press. Now, the dead are used for fake news,” The Guardian, December 23, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/dec/23/aung-san-suu-free-press-fake-news-rohingya. 111 Megan Specia and Paul Mozur, “A War of Words Puts Facebook at the Center of Myanmar’s Rohingya Crisis,” The New York Times, October 27, 2017, https://nyti.ms/2yRCADT. 112 Anthony Kuhn, “Concern Is High Over Facebook's Role In Fanning Violence In Myanmar,” NPR, June 14, 2018, https://www.npr.org/2018/06/14/619854631/concern-is-high-overfacebooks-role-in-fanning-violence-in-myanmar. 113 Annie Gowen, Max Bearak, “Fake news on Facebook fans the flames of hate against the Rohingya in Burma,” The Washington Post, December 8, 2017, 110 https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/fake-news-on-facebook-fans-the-flames-of-hate-against-the-rohingya-in-burma/2017/12/07/2c1fe830-ca1f-11e7-b506-8a10ed11ecf5_story.html. 114 Kevin Roose and Paul Mozur, “Zuckerberg Was Called Out Over Myanmar Violence. Here’s His Apology,” The New York Times, April 9, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/09/business/facebook-myanmar-zuckerberg.html. 115 https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1695486453826524. 116 117 118 Jon Russel, “Facebook still isn’t taking Myanmar seriously,” Tech Crunch, November 6, 2018, https://techcrunch.com/2018/11/06/facebook-still-isnt-taking-myanmar-seriously/. “Printing and Publishing Law,” Free Expression Myanmar, March 14, 2014, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Printing-and-Publishing-Law-EN.pdf. Chester Toh and Jainil Bhandari, “Myanmar: The Legal Landscape,” Getting the Deal Through, November 2018, https://gettingthedealthrough.com/country-focus/article/6460/myanmar- legal-landscape. 119 Hanna Beech and Saw Nang, “In Myanmar, a Facebook Blackout Brings More Anger Than a Genocide Charge,” The New York Times, August 31, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/31/world/asia/myanmar-genocide-facebook-military.html. It is not a “civil war” but rather a, “war of annihilation against insurgents”, see Mratt Kyaw Thu, “Tatmadaw warns journalists against calling domestic conflicts ‘civil wars’,” Frontier Myanmar, January 18, 2018, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/tatmadaw-warns-journalists-against-calling-domestic-conflicts-civil-wars. 121 Peter Lloyd, “Burma leader Aung San Suu Kyi bans use of Rohingya name for oppressed Muslims,” ABC news, June 22, 2016, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-06-22/aung-san-suu-kyibans-use-of-rohingya-name/7534410. 122 “BBC Burma pulls Myanmar TV deal over Rohingya 'censorship',” Channel News Asia, September 4, 2017, https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/bbc-burma-pulls-myanmar-tv-dealover-rohingya-censorship-9183386. 123 “US-backed broadcaster drops Myanmar channel in dispute over terminology,” Mizzima, June 13, 2018, http://www.mizzima.com/news-domestic/us-backed-broadcaster-drops-myanmarchannel-dispute-over-terminology. 124 “US-backed broadcaster drops Myanmar channel in dispute,” Frontier Myanmar, June 12, 2018, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/us-backed-broadcaster-drops-myanmar-channel-in-dispute. 125 “The Global State of Digital in 2019 Report,” Hootsuite, https://hootsuite.com/pages/digital-in-2019. 126 7 day news journal 23,726,829; Eleven media group 18,636,814; BBC Burmese 15,423,168; Mizzima 13,227,343; Irrawaddy 13,160,390; MRTV4 13,336738; Voa Burmese 12006075; Dvb 10,849,000, see “Myanmar Facebook page statistics,” Social Bakers, accessed October 2, 2019, https://www.socialbakers.com/statistics/facebook/pages/total/myanmar/. 127 San Yamin Aung, “Military Chief’s Comment on Tatmadaw ‘Representing’ the People Draws Backlash Online,” The Irrawaddy, July 12, 2018, 120 https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/military-chiefs-comment-tatmadaw-representing-people-draws-backlash-online.html. 128 “#ArrestMeToo and a black front page: Myanmar rejects jailing of Reuters reporters,” The Guardian, September 6, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/06/arrestmetoo- and-a-black-front-page-myanmar-rejects-jailing-of-reuters-reporters. 129 “#SayNOto66d: Documenting the Surge of Online Defamation Cases in Myanmar,” Ad Vox Global Voices, March 21, 2018, https://advox.globalvoices.org/2018/03/21/saynoto66d- documenting-the-surge-of-online-defamation-cases-in-myanmar/. 130 Oliver Spencer and Yin Yadanar Thein, “It's time to get rid of criminal defamation,” Frontier Myanmar, January 24, 2019, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/its-time-to-get-rid-of-criminal- defamation. Personal communications with Rohingya activists in Europe, February 2018. Julia Carrie Wong, Michael Safi, Shaikh Azizur Rahman, “Facebook bans Rohingya group's posts as minority faces 'ethnic cleansing',” The Guardian, September 20, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/sep/20/facebook-rohingya-muslims-myanmar. 133 Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2008), Article 6(e). 134 Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2008) Article 354(a). 135 Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2008) Article 365. 136 Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2008) Article 354. Article 365 includes a similar broad and vague limitation. 137 “New Committee Maps Out Plans to Amend Myanmar’s Constitution,” Radio Free Asia, February 25, 2019, https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/new-committee-maps-out-plans02252019170851.html. 138 “Monitoring in Myanmar: An Analysis of Myanmar’s Compliance with Fair Trial Rights,” Justice Base, October 2017, https://www.myjusticemyanmar.org/sites/default/files/Justice-Base131 132 Monitoring-in-Myanmar-An-Analysis-of-Myanmars-Compliance-with-Fair-Trial-Rights-ENG.pdf 139 “66(d): no real change,” Free Expression Myanmar, December 2017, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/66d-no-real-change.pdf. Personal communications with a range of lawyers acting for defendants on digital-related cases, December 2017. “Superficial amendment leaves Broadcasting Law undemocratic,” Free Expression Myanmar, September 13, 2018, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/superficial-amendment-leavesbroadcasting-law-undemocratic/. 142 Naw Betty Han, “New Myanmar Press Council committee members challenged to fix Media Act,” Myanmar Times, August 20, 2018, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/new-myanmar140 141 press-council-committee-members-challenged-fix-media-act.html 143 Pyae Phyo Aung, “Gov’t urged to pass the Right to Information Law,” Eleven Myanmar, December 11, 2018, https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/govt-urged-to-pass-the-right-to- information-law. “New Bill a big step backwards for RTI,” Free Expression Myanmar, July 18, 2019, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/new-bill-a-big-step-backwards-for-rti/. The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw passage of The Telecommunication Law, No. 31, October 8, 2013, http://bit.ly/1g8hlU5. Shibani Mahtani, “Myanmar’s Telecom Revolution Bogs Down,” The Wall Street Journal, October 25, 2013. http://on.wsj.com/1w4lTPD. 147 Other problematic provisions in the Telecommunications Law (2013) include Articles 4, 5-8, 18, 40, 68, and 75-77, see “Telecommunications Law,” Law. No. 31/2013, Free Expression Myanmar, October 8, 2013, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/telecommunications-law-en.pdf. 148 Moe Myint, “Activists Deem Amendments to Article 66(d) ‘Ineffective’,” The Irrawaddy, August 2, 2017, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/activists-deem-amendments-article-66dineffective.html; Oliver Spencer et al, “The 66(d) amendment: tinkering at the edges,” Frontier Myanmar, September 15, 2017, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/the-66d-amendment-tinkering144 145 146 at-the-edges. Shoon Naing and Yimou Lee, “Myanmar retains tough clause in communications law despite calls for repeal,” Reuters, August 18, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmarmedia/myanmar-retains-tough-clause-in-communications-law-despite-calls-for-repeal-idUSKCN1AY13J 150 “66(d): no real change,” Free Expression Myanmar, December 2017, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/66d-no-real-change.pdf. 151 Tin Htet Paing, “Critics Skeptical of New Privacy Legislation,” The Irrawaddy, March 15, 2017, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/critics-skeptical-of-new-privacy-legislation.html. 149 152 “The State Law and order Restoration Council passage of The Computer Science Development Law, No. 10/96,” The State Law and Order Restoration Council, September 20, 1996, http://bit.ly/1CXw1zk. 153 “A newly designed Electronic Contact Cooperation Law may be released soon,” 7Day Daily, December 14, 2014. http://7daydaily.com/story/26977. 154 “MCRB provides initial comments to government on the draft cybersecurity framework, and discusses cybersecurity with MPs,” Myanmar Center for Responsible Business, February 4, 2019, https://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/draft-cybersecurity-framework.html; Htoo Thant, “Japan helps Myanmar to enact cybersecurity law,” Myanmar Times, January 15, 2019, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/japan-helps-myanmar-enact-cybersecurity-law.html. 155 Feedback from those present in early meetings, Yangon 25 February 2019. 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