Gabriel, Mariya. “A multi-dimensional approach to disinformation report of the independent High Level Group on fake news and online disinformation.” European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication Networks, Content and Technology (March 2018). Available here. Ghosh, Dipayan, and Ben Scott. “#DigitalDeceit: The Technologies Behind Precision Propaganda on the Internet (New America Foundation: 2018) Available here. Ghosh, Dipayan, and Ben Scott. “Digital Deceit II: A Policy Agenda for Fight Disinformation on the Internet” (New America Foundation: 2018). Available here. Gregory, Sam. “Mal-uses of AI-generated Synthetic Media and Deepfakes: Pragmatic Solutions Discovery Convening.” Conference Report. WITNESS & FIRST DRAFT NEWS (July 2018). Available here. Hofileña, Chay F. “Facebook Accounts, Manufactured Reality on Social Media” (October 2016) Available here. Ireton, Cherilyn, and Julie Posetti. “Journalism, ‘Fake News’ & Disinformation: Handbook for Journalism Education and Training.” UNESCO Series on Journalism Education. (2018). Available here. Lazer, David; Matthew Baum; Yochai Benkler; Adam Berinsky; Kelly Greenhill; Filippo Menczer; Miriam Metzger; Brendan Nyhan; Gordon Pennycook; David Rothschild; Michael Schudson; Steven Sloman; Cass Sunstein; Emily Thorson; Duncan Watts; and Jonathan Zittrain, “The Science of Fake News: Addressing fake news requires a multidisciplinary effort,” in Science VOL 359 ISSUE 6380 (March 2018). Available here. Lewis, Paul. “Fiction is outperforming reality’: how Youtube’s algorithm distorts truth.” The Guardian (February 2018). Available here. Livingston, Steven. “Forward” in “Contentious Narratives: Digital Technology and the Attack on Liberal Democratic Norms” Journal of International Affairs Vol. 71, No. 1.5 (2018) Available here. Marwick, Alice and Rebecca Lewis, “Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online,” (Data & Society: 2017) Available here. Nadler, Anthony; Matthew Crain; and Joan Donovan. “Weaponizing the Digital Influence Machine: the Political Perils of Online Ad Tech,” Data & Society (October 2018). Available here. National Endowment for Democracy, “Issue Brief: Distinguishing Disinformation from Propaganda, Misinformation, and Fake News,” (October 2017). Available here. Newton, Casey. “How autocratic governments use Facebook against their own citizens” The Verge (September 2018) Available here. Oh, Sarah and Travis Adkins. “Disinformation Toolkit” (InterAction: June 2018) Available here. Ong, Jonathan and Jason Cabañes. “Architects of Networked Disinformation: Behind the Scenes of Troll Accounts and Fake News Production in the Philippines” (Newton Tech4Dev Network: 2018) Available here. MERCY CORPS The Weaponization of Social Media: How social media can spark violence and what can be done about it 35

Select target paragraph3