Kiersons, Steven. “New Paradigms of Violence: Are Burma’s Rohingya Facing a Hybrid Genocide?” The Sentinel Project (2015) Available here. Mozer, Paul. “A Genocide Incited on Facebook, with Posts from Myanmar’s Military,” (October 2018) Available here. Reventlow, Nani Jansen; Jonathon Penney; Susan Benesch; Urs Gasser, et al. “Perspectives on Harmful Speech Online: a Collection of Essays” Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society Research Publication (2017). Available here. Sellars, Andrew F. “Defining Hate Speech,” The Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society Research Publication Series. Research Publication No. 2016-20 (December 2016). Available here. Stecklow, Steve. “Hatebook: Inside Facebook’s Myanmar Operation” Reuters Special Report (August 2018). Available here. Weidmann, Nils. “Communication, Technology, and Political Conflict: Introduction” Journal of Peace Research (2015)Available here. Computational Propaganda and Political Polarization (with focus on Philippines) Acker, Amelia. “Data Craft: The Manipulation of Social Media Metadata” Data & Society (2018). Available here. Alba, Davey. “Connecting Hate: How Duterte Used Facebook to Fuel the Drug War” Buzzfeed News (September 2018) Available here. Bradshaw, Samantha, and Philip N. Howard, “Troops, Trolls and Troublemakers: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation” Computational Propaganda Research Project Working Paper No. 12 (2017). Available here. Caplan, Robyn; Lauren Hanson; and Joan Donovan, “Dead Reckoning: Navigating Content Moderation After ‘Fake News’” Data & Society (February 2018). Available here. Derakhshan, Hossein and Claire Wardle. “Information Disorder: Definitions” in Understanding and Addressing the Disinformation Ecosystem (Annenberg School of Communication: 2017) Available here. Derakhshan, Hossein and Claire Wardle. “Information Disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making.” Council of Europe report (September 2017). Available here. Etter, Lauren. “What Happens When the Government Uses Facebook as a Weapon?” Bloomberg Businessweek (December 2017) Available here. Freelon, Dean. “Personalized Information Environments and Their Potential Consequences for Disinformation” in Understanding and Addressing the Disinformation Ecosystem (Annenberg School of Communication: 2017) Available here. MERCY CORPS The Weaponization of Social Media: How social media can spark violence and what can be done about it 34

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