Digital Hate Speech, Rumors, and Violent Conflict (with focus on
Myanmar)
Awori, Kagonya, and Susan Benesch. “Umati: Kenyan Online Discourse to Catalyze and Counter Violence”
(Conference Paper: IFIP 2013) Available here.
Bailard, Catie Snow. “Ethnic conflict goes mobile: Mobile technology’s effect on the opportunities and
motivations for violent collective action,” in Journal of Peace Research Vol. 52(3) (2015) 323–337. Available
here.
Benesch, Susan. “Countering Dangerous Speech: New Ideas for Genocide Prevention,” (Dangerous
Speech Project: 2014) Available here.
Benesch et al, “Web of Hate: Tackling Hateful Speech in Online Social Spaces” Berkman Klein Center for
Internet and Society (2016) Available here.
Benesch, Susan; Derek Ruths; Kelly P. Dillon; Haji Mohammad Saleem; and Lucas Wright. “Counterspeech
on Twitter: A Field Study,” Kanishka Project (2016). Available here.
Bugge, John. “Rumour Has It: A Practice Guide to Working with Rumours:” (Communicating with Disaster
Affected Communities (CDAC): 2017) Available here.
C4ADS, “Sticks and Stones: Hate Speech Narratives and Facilitators in Myanmar” (2016) Available here.
Clark, Doug Bock. “Myanmar’s Internet Disrupted Society – and Fueled Extremists,” WIRED Magazine
(September 2017). Available here.
Douek, Evelyn. “Facebook’s Role in the Genocide in Myanmar: New Reporting Complicates the Narrative”
(October 2018) Available here.
Faris, Robert, et al. “Understanding Harmful Speech Online” Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society
(2016) Available here.
Fink, Christina. “Dangerous Speech, Anti-Muslim Violence, and Facebook in Myanmar” in “Contentious
Narratives: Digital Technology and the Attack on Liberal Democratic Norms” Journal of International Affairs
Vol. 71, No. 1.5 (2018). Available here.
Fraenkel, Eran. “A Critical Analysis of Digital Communications and Conflict Dynamics in Vulnerable
Societies” (Internews: 2014) Available here.
Greenhill, Kelly, and Ben Oppenheim. “Rumor Has It: The Adoption of Unverified Information in Conflict
Zones,” in International Studies Quarterly (2017) Available here.
Hogan, Libby, and Michael Safi. “Revealed: Facebook Hate Speech Exploded in Myanmar During Rohingya
Crisis” The Guardian (April 2018) Available here.
MERCY CORPS
The Weaponization of Social Media: How social media can spark violence and what can be done about it
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