10 Policy Brief No. 93 Toda Peace Institute Technology can enable more people to have a voice in public discussions, promoting inclusion, empowerment and participation. And technology can be used to promote narrative change toward values of peace and justice and away from narratives that encourage violence or harm toward others. Third, technology can also be used to support communication for dialogue and networking that supports building relationships. Technology can be used to improve participation and representation in political discussions, to support dialogue between groups of people to help build empathy and understanding, and to organise and coordinate with others to achieve shared goals. 25 Spheres of Peacebuilding and Technology A variety of scholars have already developed taxonomies related to technology and peacebuilding.31 32 33 Some emphasise the basic information and communication capacities of technology. Other categorise vertical (government to population) and horizontal (people to people) forms of digital peacebuilding. 34 This report sorts digital peacebuilding into twenty-five spheres, as illustrated in this summary chart. These spheres are applications of technology applied to peacebuilding goals. 25 Spheres of Digital Peacebuilding 1. Digital Citizen Journalism and Cyber Witnessing 2. Digital Conflict Analysis and Ceasefire Monitoring 3. Digital Election Monitoring 4. Digital Early Warning of Violence and Dangerous Speech 5. Digital Civilian Protection 6. Digital Public Opinion Polling 7. Digital Coordinating and Managing Crisis Information 8. Digital Governance 9. Digital Monitoring and Evaluation 10. Digital Responses to Violent Extremism and Terror 11. Digital Fact-Checking to Stop Rumours 12. Digital Social Marketing of Peace Narratives Helena Puig Larrauri and Anne Kahl. “Technology for Peacebuilding.” Stability: International Journal of Security and Development, 2(3), p. 61 32 Pamina Firchow, Charles Martin-Shields, Atalia Omer, and Roger Mac Ginty. “PeaceTech: The Liminal Spaces of Digital Technology in Peacebuilding.” International Studies Perspectives, Volume 18, Issue 1, February 2017, Pages 4–42. 33 Ioannis Tellidis & Stephanie Kappler. “Information and Communication Technologies in Peacebuilding: Implications, Opportunities and Challenges.” Cooperation and Conflict. Vol. 51(1) March 2016. Pp. 75–93 34 Luke Kelly. “Uses of digital technologies in managing and preventing conflict.” University of Manchester. 17 May 2019. 31