She noted that, fortunately, before the incident she had already learned from her
peers the importance of removing work posts from her Facebook account—something
that digital security training taught her much later. Meanwhile, for Journalist #2, the
unpredictability of arrests has prompted him to brace for the possibility of prison term.
He remarks that everyone “can also be arrested with some causes” and that he has
already expected to face at least a three-year sentence. At
least I could be arrested with Article 505(A) and get a threeyear sentence. So, I have already expected that and
prepared for it.
However, being resigned to potential arrest is atypical among our interviewees; this
may stem from his position as a co-founder of a media development organisation.
Low-tech and analogue inspections
Contrary to prevalent reports of the SAC’s pervasive high-tech, sophisticated “digital
authoritarianism,” our findings suggest that this claim might warrant further
examination. Although a report by Justice for Myanmar (2021) has revealed evidence
of sophisticated technology procurement such as drones and digital intelligence tools
—alongside the more low-tech scanners and data recovery software—the actual
extent and deployment of these technologies remains unclear. In terms of
infrastructural capacity, if there is any indication, Schia & Gjesvik (2021) suggests that
the government has been lacking “[t]he very concept of critical infrastructures” and
“the cyber security of said infrastructures.”
6
Journalists, particularly multimedia journalists who are more visibly at risk due to their
equipment, seem to indicate that the risks posed by SAC are relatively low-tech. They
propose that the use of advanced technologies is likely restricted to specific areas or
targeted at high-profile individuals—which resonates with research by Ryan & Tran
(2022) and Bächtold (2023) arguing that the junta’s digital repression is largely limited
to targeted repertoires.
6. As previously mentioned, we are cognisant that the situation may change rapidly, even from the time the report
was prepared to publication.
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