Outlets with substantial resources are categorised in this report as national independent media. Meanwhile, the post-coup period has also seen the emergence of small-scale independent media houses, founded by individuals cut off from their former outlets due to bans and who sought new avenues to document the situation, especially through reporting on Facebook. Despite facing resource challenges, ethnic media continues to play a crucial role post-coup. All these types of media outlets increasingly relied on social media platforms to disseminate information and document human rights violations. As the threat of military actions prevented Myanmar journalists from using their real names or reporting on-site, the post-coup period also saw the rise of citizen journalists who document situations on the ground. Our research was thus conducted against this backdrop in 2023. Journalist definition and categorisation For this report, we use a broad definition of the term journalist: any individual who is engaged in gathering and reporting information, taking photographs or video footage, editing or publishing, and presenting news that relates to the current social, cultural and political situation in Myanmar. We categorise journalists by the tools of their trade: Journalist types Text Writing news and working from behind a desk and/or remotely. They contact their sources via phone or online messaging apps. They collect data and local information from social media platforms and monitor press releases and statements regularly. Video Capturing video footage of incidents or interviewing the victims or characters involved. They produce and edit news videos. Photo Capturing photo footage on the ground, focusing on important events or as part of unfolding news stories. They edit and publish the news photos alone or as part of news articles. Multimedia Using an array of media (text, photos, video) while covering news on the ground. 16