Conversely, media outlets courageous enough to continue unrestrained reporting on Myanmar’s political climate have transitioned to becoming a wide umbrella of independent media (non-state-controlled). The majority of these non-statecontrolled media have resorted to operating clandestinely, relocating to border regions, or going into exile. Our media mapping indicates that the journalists and independent media outlets which relocated to Thailand or are at the Thai-Myanmar border predominantly hail from major cities and ethnic regions such as the Karen, Karenni, and Shan states; those moving to the Chinese-Myanmar border are mostly from Kachin state; while those at the India-Myanmar border are from Chin state. The shift has profoundly affected their financial models, particularly commercial advertising revenues which have significantly dwindled; this necessitated a reassessment of their business operations (Media Development Investment Fund, 2022). 14