regime. On 14 May, a regime airstrike on a residential ward of Kyauktaw township killed six civilians, including one Rohingya. 18 civilians were injured, four of whom were Rohingya.183 Indiscriminate attacks by the AA have also caused Rohingya civilian deaths and injuries. On 3 February, the AA launched artillery attacks from the direction of Ponnagyun township towards Sittwe. The shelling killed one Rohingya civilian man and injured three other Rohingya men and three women at Ohn Taw Gyi village.184 Use of landmines Myanmar now has the highest number of people killed or maimed by landmines and explosive remnants (UXO) of war in the world.185 Rakhine State is emblematic of the Myanmar-wide problem, with a Rakhine media outlet reporting that 71 people have been killed or maimed by UXO in 2025.186 Both the Myanmar military and the Arakan Army are reported to have laid landmines in Rakhine State, including along the Myanmar-Bangladesh border fence in Maungdaw township. Rohingya villages that were occupied by either party to the conflict are believed to be contaminated with landmines and UXO, including peoples’ homes and compounds. In January, a 7-year-old Rohingya boy lost his leg after stepping on a landmine near his home.187 At least two Rohingya men suffered similar injuries in separate incidents in March and May.188 The limited medical facilities in the area are not equipped to deal with such serious injuries, and Rohingya need to attempt the hazardous crossing into Bangladesh to seek treatment. Policies of persecution by the AA BROUK has collected information about the Arakan Army’s highly discriminatory policies and practices that are applied exclusively to the Rohingya on the grounds of their identity. These are iterations of very similar policies and practices applied by the regime and amount to policies of persecution. The AA’s conduct towards the Rohingya in the context of the famine is compounding their already dire situation and undermining their chances of survival, forcing many Rohingya to flee. Firstly, the AA is reported to have banned people from using the term “Rohingya” in the areas it controls in Rakhine State. AA officials have verbally warned that those who disobey this rule will face severe punishment.189 Secondly, the AA has imposed severe movement restrictions on Rohingya. Rohingya must pay for a letter of recommendation for permission to travel from the AA/ULA administration department. The permit is only valid for 7 days.190 Rohingya in Buthidaung and Maungdaw townships are living under particularly tight restrictions, according to reports received by BROUK. In January, while many Rohingya were still internally displaced and corralled into areas designated by the AA, BROUK received multiple reports of movement and other types of restrictions in Buthidaung 183BROUK reference ICJ11-OAC-SAC-AC-KTW-1. Myanmar Now, (15 May 2025) op. cit. 184 BROUK reference ICJ11-OAC-SIT-AA1. 185 ABC News (31 January 2025) op. cit. 186 DMG, ‘71 Victims of UXO this Year in Arakan State’ (12 May 2025) available at <https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/71-victims-uxo-year-arakan-state> accessed 7 June 2025. 187 BROUK reference ICJ11-OAC-MDW-LM1. 188 BROUK references ICJ11-OAC-MDW-LM2, ICJ11-OAC-MDW-LM3. 189 BROUK reference ICJ11-OAC-AA-BUT-PP4. 190 This policy is applied in Pauktaw, Mrauk U, Minbya and Myebon as well as Rathedaung, Maungdaw and Buthidaung. Information kindly supplied by Research consultant Kathy Win. According to information collected by BROUK, one exception appears to be Kyauktaw township, where Rohingya do not currently face restrictions on their movement and are able to access livelihoods and medical care. However, they face other restrictions under the AA. For example, Rohingya are not allowed to sign any kind of contract in their own names. If a Rohingya person wants to create a contract, they have to do it in the name of a local Rakhine person. Rohingya are not allowed to open shops in the market. They are also not allowed to build a house or any kind of building without express permission from the AA authorities. 33