Suppression of freedom of expression Efforts to counter disinformation have been misused to stifle independent voices. Broad, vaguely worded “fake news” laws, particularly under the Telecommunications Law (2013) and Penal Code (1861), have been employed to detain journalists and human rights defenders.9 With over 200 journalists arrested since the coup and some facing decades-long sentences, these measures have created an atmosphere of fear, deterring legitimate reporting and public criticism of the regime.10 Restricting public access to information Counter-disinformation policies have led to severe restrictions on public access. The military’s bans on independent media outlets, routine blocking of websites and social media platforms, and prolonged internet shutdowns in regions such as Sagaing and Chin leave communities without reliable information about security threats or humanitarian aid.11 This ensures that only State-sanctioned narratives reach the public, deepening the overall information crisis. Overregulation of digital platforms Sweeping cybersecurity and telecommunications laws force digital platforms to install surveillance technologies that enable State monitoring of online activity. The recently enacted Cybersecurity Law (2025) not only mandates the removal of “false” content but also provides authorities with broad powers to intercept communications.12 These measures drive many into exile or force self-censorship, undermining privacy rights and stifling free expression. Unintended consequences for marginalised groups Overzealous counter-disinformation efforts also hurt already marginalised communities. While some military-affiliated hatred is removed from platforms like Facebook, new networks quickly emerge on less-regulated services such as Telegram. These networks continue to circulate antiRohingya, anti-ethnic minority, and anti-women propaganda, with overly broad censorship laws simultaneously suppressing legitimate discussions on human rights abuses and exacerbating discrimination.13 Leveraging digital companies for truth Private sector companies, particularly social media platforms, digital service providers, and telecoms, play a critical role in mitigating disinformation. However, their support has waned over recent months, and there is much they can do.14 Free Expression Myanmar (2022), “505A Act of revenge”. Human Rights Myanmar (2024), “Human rights violations experienced by exiled journalists”. 11 Human Rights Myanmar (2024), “Myanmar freedom on the net 2024”. 12 Human Rights Myanmar (2025), “Myanmar’s cyber law a serious threat to privacy, speech, and security”. 13 Human Rights Myanmar (2024), “Gendered impact of the Myanmar coup on free expression”. 14 Human Rights Myanmar (2024), “Meta/Facebook changes threaten Myanmar’s digital space”. 9 10