based developments through emails, blogs, websites, social media, and smartphones. In the combination with the now-available mobile Internet through smartphone usage and a pricing strategy of mobile internet providers that provides free access to Facebook (the Facebook service Free Basics was provided until September 2017 in Myanmar) but with payment restricted access to all other websites, for most of Myanmar’s people the Internet equals Facebook. Nearly everything they retrieve from the Internet comes from Facebook. Therefore, many people literally think Facebook is the Internet. Accompanied by very strong supremacy of religious norms and values and racism, most interviewees in Myanmar problematize hate speech and disinformation with reference to religious values. Buddhism was exploited by Myanmar’s military junta to create a cultural and political national identity which assisted in legitimizing and installing political power (Schober 2005). Buddhist radical nationalists are sources of political supremacy of religious norms and values rhetoric which implements racism, represented on Facebook, as interviewees pointed out. Racist rhetoric is also not a new online phenomenon. Rather the spread of racist propaganda and hate speech is installed in various ways and is even embedded in Myanmar´s education system. For example, history and education books are manipulated with disinformation to spread hatred against the Rohingya in Myanmar. Reuters reports that the military did not even flinch from using manipulated photographs - for example, Pulitzer Prize-winning images of Rwandan Hutu refugees in 1996 - in recently published educational propaganda books about the Muslim minority: [The awarded photo from Rwanda] has been converted to black and white, and the caption falsely describes the subjects as Bengalis who have “intruded” into Myanmar after the British colonial occupation of lower Myanmar. (…) In its new book, the military denies the allegations of abuses, blaming the violence on “Bengali terrorists” it says were intent on carving out a Rohingya state named “Arkistan”. (…) Much of the content is sourced to the military’s “True News” information unit, which since the start of the crisis has distributed news giving the army’s perspective, mostly via Facebook. (McPherson, 2018) This example highlights the military´s vehement effort to disrespect the Rohingya in Myanmar in order to facilitate Buddhist supremacy, nation-building and national identity based on hate, racist propaganda and disinformation. Altogether disinformation and racist propaganda in this fragile context has a high public impact due to low media literacy, brought on by nearly five decades of military rule with one of the most restrictive media systems worldwide, a technological development which leapfrogged decades of communication technologies (technological standard, modernization), a bad education system, racism and a strongly enforced supremacy of religious norms and values. Military “Information Operations” in Thailand´s Southern Conflict. Thailand´s military information operations exemplify a strategic information policy, set apart from other forms of extreme speech and disinformation in Thailand´s public sphere, which takes place without resistance from the society´s majority. Since 2004, the violent persisting conflict in Winter 2019 | 80