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Mobile Myanmar: The Impact of Social Media on Young People Living in Conflict-Affected Regions of Myanmar McCarthy, G., & Menager, J. (2017). Gendered rumours and the Muslim scapegoat in Myanmar’stransition. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 47(3), 396-412. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2017.1304563 McKay, M. (2016). Kayah State: Baseline evaluation - PROSPER. Yangon, Myanmar: Mercy Corps. Retrieved from http://dmeforpeace.org/sites/default/files/Mercy%20Corps%20Baseline%20Report%20April%2020%202016%20F INAL.pdf McKay, M. (2017a). Research into Myanmar Facebook use (Unpublished report). Yangon, Myanmar: Phandeeyar. McKay, M. (2017b). Social Media Fellowship Program Cohort: Endline. Yangon, Myanmar: Phandeeyar. McKay, M. (2018a). Communities of faith: Religion and social works in Rakhine (Unpublished report). Yangon, Myanmar: United States Institute of Peace. McKay, M. (2018b). ACESM Baseline. SOCHA. McKirdy, E. (2018, April 7). When Facebook becomes 'the beast': Myanmar activists say social media aids genocide. Retrieved from CNN website: https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/06/asia/myanmar-facebook-social-mediagenocide-intl/index.html Meers, E. S. (2015). Community information flows to reduce inter-communal violence in Burma. Retrieved from Search For Common Ground website: https://www.sfcg.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Myanmar-CommunityInformation-Management-Report.-SFCG.-March-2016.pdf Mozur, P. (2018, October 15). A genocide incited on Facebook, with posts from Myanmar’s military. Retrieved from The New York Times website: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/technology/myanmar-facebook-genocide.html Myanmar Ministry of Immigration and Population. (2015). 2014 Myanmar population and housing census: Kayin state, census report, Volume 3-C. Yangon, Myanmar: Myanmar Ministry of Immigration and Population. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/2014-myanmar-population-and-housing-census-kayin-state-census-reportvolume-3-c-enmy Netsafe. (2018). Online hate speech: A survey on personal experiences and exposure among adult New Zealanders. Retrieved from https://www.netsafe.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/onlinehatespeechsurvey-2018.pdf Nguyen, A. J., Lee, C., Schojan, M., & Bolton, P. (2018). Mental health interventions in Myanmar: A review of the academic and gray literature. Global Mental Health, 5, E8. https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2017.30 Nyunt, A. K. (2016, July 19). Ministry puts mobile penetration at 90 percent. Retrieved from Myanmar Times: https://www.mmtimes.com/business/technology/21466-ministry-puts-mobile-penetration-at-90-percent.html O'Connor, T. (2017). Stakeholder mapping of countering hate speech in Myanmar – External Report. Retrieved from Search for Common Ground website: https://www.sfcg.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/SFCG-StakeholderMapping-Report-external-20Nov2017-FINAL-for-printing.pdf Office of the eSafety Commissioner. (2017). Image-based abuse national survey: Summary report. Retrieved from https://www.esafety.gov.au/-/media/15469f65e05e4d02b994010def7af3bb.pdf. Oo, T. S., & Thant, Y. M. (2019). Exploring digital and mobile cultures in Myanmar 2019. Retrieved from Phandeeyar: https://www.digitalculturesmm.com/ 110

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Mobile Myanmar: The impact of social media on young people in conflict-affected regions of Myanmar

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English

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Hate Speech
Internet Connectivity / Accessibility

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Save the Children
The University of Sydney

Date Published: Nov 1, 2019

Abstract: The advent of social media in Myanmar following the transition towards civilian rule announced in 2011 has given young people an important new platform for civic engagement and expression, and access to information and knowledge. But while young people are highly engaged with social media and its potential to bring benefits to their daily lives, this research reveals a number of alarming trends. Emerging new dangers such as online sexual harassment and hate speech are widespread and deeply concerning, and threaten to impact the safety and participation of girls and minority groups. Most young people lack the digital citizenship skills required to protect themselves from the online dangers and emotional and mental health impacts of social media highlighted in this report. The study finds evidence that young people across Myanmar suffer from ‘hate speech fatigue’, often exacerbated by repeat exposure to fake news and propaganda targeting specific communities. Over time, this effect limits young Myanmar users’ willingness to seek out and engage with reporting and blocking functions that may help combat fake news and hate speech online. Understanding the impact of social media on social and political discourse in Myanmar is of urgent, critical importance. While the young people in this study saw great potential for social media to increase empathy and understanding between different groups, the struggle to curb anti-Muslim hate speech in particular, and the structural and violent oppression it begets, is still very real. As recent global events have shown, democratic processes are especially vulnerable to disinformation campaigns and the spread of fake news and hate speech. Myanmar’s democracy is still new, and with elections upcoming in 2020, social media could very well play a role in shifting voter attitudes, especially among young people.

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Mobile Myanmar: The impact of social media on young people in conflict-affected regions of Myanmar

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