A/HRC/39/CRP.2 3. Restrictions on access to food, livelihoods, health care and education ........................... 127 4. Restrictions on humanitarian access ................................................................................ 136 5. Restrictions affecting private life .................................................................................... 138 6. Oppression through arbitrary arrest and detention .......................................................... 143 7. Other forms of oppression ............................................................................................... 144 8. Conclusion....................................................................................................................... 147 Violence in 2012 ...................................................................................................................... 147 1. Emblematic incidents ...................................................................................................... 147 2. Kaman Muslims of Rakhine State ................................................................................... 156 3. Torture and ill-treatment at Buthidaung prison ............................................................... 156 4. Government response to the 2012 violence ..................................................................... 159 5. Spreading hate ................................................................................................................. 166 6. Overall analysis ............................................................................................................... 172 7. Conclusion....................................................................................................................... 176 25 August 2017 and the “clearance operations” ..................................................................... 177 1. A human rights catastrophe ............................................................................................. 178 2. A foreseeable and planned catastrophe ........................................................................... 255 3. An enduring catastrophe .................................................................................................. 278 4. Perpetrators ..................................................................................................................... 308 5. Violations of international law ........................................................................................ 313 Emblematic situation 3: Democratic space and the exercise of fundamental freedoms ................... 315 A. Silencing of critical voices ....................................................................................................... 315 1. Legal toolbox for restricting fundamental freedoms ....................................................... 316 2. Intimidation and reprisal for engagement with the United Nations ................................. 319 3. Curtailment of peaceful protests ...................................................................................... 320 The issue of “hate speech” ....................................................................................................... 320 1. Legal framework ............................................................................................................. 321 2. Findings ........................................................................................................................... 322 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 344 Hallmarks of Tatmadaw operations ................................................................................................. 345 A. Targeting civilians ................................................................................................................... 345 B. Sexual violence ........................................................................................................................ 347 C. Exclusionary and discriminatory rhetoric ................................................................................ 348 D. Command climate and impunity .............................................................................................. 350 Crimes under international law ........................................................................................................ 351 A. Genocide .................................................................................................................................. 351 B. Crimes against humanity ......................................................................................................... 364 C. War crimes ............................................................................................................................... 380 Responsibility ................................................................................................................................... 382 A. 382 C. D. VI. B. C. VII. VIII. IX. Tatmadaw and other security forces ........................................................................................ 3