Details of legislation Country Relevant sections/articles Revised Penal Code of the Philippines, 1930, Act No. 3815 Philippines Article 142 Prevention of Terrorism Act, 1979 Sri Lanka Sections 2(1), 2(2) Penal Code of Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Section 120 Police Ordinance, Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Section 98 Sedition Act (1948, revised 2013) Singapore Sections 3, 4 Penal Code 1871 Singapore Section 499 Hong Kong Basic Law Hong Kong SAR Article 23 Law 24 on Cybersecurity, June 12, 2018 Vietnam Article 16 National Security Act, 1992 Bhutan Articles 7, 8 Penal Code of India India Sections 124A, 505, 295, 503 Penal Code of Myanmar Myanmar Section 124A Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act, 2016 Pakistan Chapter II: 9, 10, 11, 12, 20 Law on Prevention and Combating Cyber Crime (see The Star 2020) Laos Media and publishing regulations Communications and Multimedia Act, No. 588 of 1998 Malaysia Sections 211(1), 211(2), 233(1), 233(2), 233(3) Media Law, 2014 Myanmar Chapter 4(9) Penal Code of India India Section 292(20) Broadcasting Act, No. 132 of 1950 Japan Articles 9(1)–9(3) Law on Mass Media, 1999 Kazakhstan Law on Mass Media (see Itkulov 2021; Kaliakparov 2021; Soz 2021) Kyrgyzstan Law on Mass Media (see Article 19 2014) Tajikistan Law on Mass Media (see Article 19 2019) Uzbekistan Legislation related to Covid-19 Emergency (Essential Powers) (No. 2) Ordinance 2021 Malaysia Part I Section 2, Part II Section 4(10) Bayanihan to Heal as One Act, No. 11469 of 2020 Philippines Section 6(f) and Penalties “Fake News” Covid Decree (see Nguyen and Pearson 2020) Vietnam Law on Offenses, Criminal Law (see Ankhtuya 2020b) Mongolia Amendments to the Administrative Offences Code (see Asia Plus 2020) Tajikistan Emergency Decree (see HRW 2021d) Thailand State of Emergency (see Ratcliffe 2020a) Cambodia I N FO R M ATI O N D I SO R D ER IN THE GLOBA L SOUTH Asia – 2 2 1