Internet” (Law No. 12965 of 2014). This forum of entities is mainly active in the areas of access to information, freedom of expression, protection of personal data, and privacy. The CDR and various other civil society organizations are discussed in the following subsections. CDR The CDR has a working group on freedom of expression and a task force to deal with the issue of elections. The working group has been a key player in the debating of legislation related to disinformation, as is the case with the main bill under debate in Brazil, No. 2630 of 2020, titled “Freedom, Accountability and Transparency on the Internet,” but known popularly as the “fake news bill.” Furthermore, the CDR was also active regarding Provisional Measure No. 1068, recently rejected by the legislature, which intended to amend the “Marco Civil da Internet” to make it more difficult for platforms to moderate content. In addition, it proposed changes to other legislative proposals that would have had ramifications for online discourse and disinformation, such as Law 14197 of 2021, which dealt with measures related to the Brazilian political system. The CDR also works with the production of materials on the topic or subjects related to it. In 2020, it released a guide titled “Eleições e internet: Guia para proteção de direitos nas campanhas eleitorais” (Elections and the internet: A guide for the protection of rights during electoral campaigns) (CDR 2020). The document discusses the phenomenon of disinformation in electoral contexts and lists a series of tips that can enable candidates and voters to deal critically with content; to avoid passing on misleading messages; and to report potential false content by referring it to fact checkers, among other measures. Although many organizations mentioned in this report form part of the CDR, they also run their own projects on the subject of disinformation. Some of these initiatives are presented in the sections that follow. INTERNETLAB InternetLab27 is a digital rights and internet policy think tank that carries out evidence-based and impact-oriented studies on topics related to I N FO R M ATI O N D I SO R D ER IN THE GLOBA L SOUTH freedom of expression, copyright, privacy and surveillance, data protection, discrimination and online violence, inequalities, political communication, and disinformation, among others. The institution has researched the disinformation phenomenon from a variety of perspectives: analyzing how disinformation relates to the new emerging dynamics of political communication brought about by news ICT, investigating the gender dynamics behind the disinformation narratives in the country, examining the computational propaganda elements of disinformation campaigns, and evaluating the regulatory approaches proposed to counter online disinformation. It also aims to inform and contribute to the policy debates around the issue. To this end it has published policy papers and technical contributions to regulatory debates, such as in the case of the “fake news bill.” IP.REC The Instituto de Pesquisa em Direito e Tecnologia do Recife (Technology and Law Research Instiute of Recife, IP.Rec)28 works with a variety of topics related to digital rights. The group conducts research on topics related to disinformation, such as an investigation into the models of intermediary liability in countries of the Global South, along with the production and online publication of technical notes, opinions, and materials about disinformation. On its blog, IP.Rec publishes content aimed at citizens, such as guidance on how to deal with disinformation. Like other organizations, IP.Rec also intervenes in political processes, as it did, for example, in the case of Bill 2630/2020, also known as the “fake news bill.” COLETIVO INTERVOZES Coletivo Intervozes29 has developed initiatives on several fronts to protect and promote the right to information. The organization has created an internal working group on the issue of disinformation and has been working mainly on advocacy and the production of informative materials. Together with other entities that are also members of the CDR, Intervozes has participated in the discussion around legislative initiatives such as Bill 2630 and the Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry into Fake News, which was opened in the Brazilian Congress in 2019. It has also developed a project, in partnership with Sleeping Giants Brazil, to combat misleading messages about climate change issues. It is also relevant to highlight some of the research on the matter conducted by Intervozes, Latin America and the Caribbean – 97