supported a project of the São Paulo City Hall to train young people to combat disinformation. The OAS, through the IACHR, deals with the issue of freedom of expression through its own Special Rapporteur, Pedro Vaca, from Colombia, appointed in 2021. The current rapporteurship and the previous one, held by Edison Lanza from Uruguay, were both dedicated to the topic of disinformation. The subject is now included in the Rapporteur’s annual reports, which assess events that may have a significant impact on freedom of expression in the countries of the region. Various topics are covered, ranging from the identification of disinformation campaigns, judicial processes, and legal initiatives proposed by parliamentarians or governments to address the issue of fake news. In each of these reports, recommendations are presented to various actors, especially governments. The IACHR Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression also produces studies and publications that aim at gathering information about a particular topic. In 2013, it released a publication on freedom of expression and the internet, which deals with a range of issues related to disinformation (Marino 2013). In 2017, the OAS published “Estándares para una internet libre, abierta y incluyente” (Standards for a free, open, and inclusive internet), with recommendations based on the benchmarks of the inter-American human rights system (Lanza 2017). In 2019, the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression launched “Guia para garantizar la libertad de expressión frente a la desinformación en contextos electorales” (Guide to guaranteeing freedom of expression in the face of disinformation in electoral contexts) (RELE 2019), a document that was produced based on an extensive dialogue with organizations in the region. The text reviews the literature on the phenomenon of disinformation in electoral processes, discusses the contours of the problem, and presents a series of recommendations on how to confront it. In the field of civil society, the network of civil society organizations IFEX (Intercambio Internacional por la Libertad de Expresión; International Freedom of Expression Exchange), which works to promote freedom of expression as a fundamental right, runs a chapter for Latin America and the Caribbean. In 2020 this chapter launched an awareness-raising campaign aimed at combating the dissemination of misleading content.16 In its materials, the campaign provides examples of untruths that have become widespread “urban legends.” The texts and videos call on citizens to “break the chain” of disinformation and I N FO R M ATI O N D I SO R D ER IN THE GLOBA L SOUTH to deal with information on the internet in a more conscious and critical way. In 2020, a group of civil society organizations from Latin America and the Caribbean, in partnership with Google News Initiative, launched the Digimente project.17 Among the organizations are international entities, such as Teach for All, and national ones, such as Enseña por Argentina, Enseña por Colombia, and Enseña por México. The initiative’s aim is to educate young people to critically evaluate the information they receive and to create and consume quality content. The project has created a repository of educational content and methodologies related to information and communication technologies (ICT). This repository includes what the team calls “best international practices,” from which elements organized into curricula are offered. The method has been applied in schools in Argentina, Colombia, and Mexico. The site also publishes content on media education, such as reflections about the anti-vaccination movement in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. 4.3 THE RESPONSES OF DIGITAL PLATFORMS In recent years, digital content platforms have also drawn up responses—in the face of events such as the Cambridge Analytica scandal and also due to the spread of disinformation in the region, especially during elections, as will be explored in Part II of this report. Facebook and Instagram (apps controlled by the conglomerate that was rebranded Meta in 2021) have developed a framework to detect false news. Facebook and Instagram make use of factchecking agencies to analyze potentially false news. The platforms then implement measures to limit the reach of the content or takes it down in specific cases (such as when it goes against scientific conclusions or guidelines from health authorities). Another strategy the company has announced is the provision of contextualized information. Facebook has also announced that it will implement limitations for advertisements containing disinformation as well as transparency rules for electoral advertising, such as the reservation of a space—an ad library of sorts—for ads of this nature. Latin America and the Caribbean – 9 0