guidelines), reports, surveys, news reports, and institutional material so as to build a national picture of the problem and efforts to combat it. 2. National workshops: One workshop was held in each country, with civil society organizations and researchers considered to be the most representative of each nation. The workshops seeked to encompass different dimensions so as to account for the diversity found in each country, in terms of regions and of race, gender, class, and origin. The objective was to map, together with participants, the tools and methods employed in their initiatives against disinformation, the impact these tools and methods have, and the lessons that they have learned. 3. Interviews: Representatives from civil society organizations, government authorities, commercial entities operating initiatives to combat disinformation, and digital platforms were interviewed. The intention was to map the frameworks that guide their work, the tools and methods employed in their initiatives, the impact these methods have had, and the lessons they have learned. The analysis aimed to identify those points common to all countries and those which are specific to each country, in order to create a picture of the situation regarding disinformation in the region. REGIONAL SITUATION ANALYSIS The data collection process for the regional situation analysis included three methods: 1. Document analysis: This was carried out using surveys, reports, and information made available through primary and secondary data sources. During this process, we looked for sources that present information and analyze the region as a whole or that report on a comparative investigation of a group of countries. National examples can be used to illustrate phenomena considered relevant in the region. 2. Workshop: One workshop was held with regional actors—representatives of civil society organizations and researchers whose actions are considered relevant at the regional level—to obtain information on the situation of disinformation in the region and the efforts to combat it. The selection of participants was aimed at ensuring diversity in terms of types of actors (organizations with different focuses, themes, and sizes), gender, race and color, and countries. 3. Survey: A survey was conducted with the actors invited to the workshops. I N FO R M ATI O N D I SO R D ER IN THE GLOBA L SOUTH 4. REGIONAL ANALYSIS: DISINFORMATION IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Latin America and the Caribbean is a region with particularities that shape the ways in which disinformation circulates. Public agents as well as political groups, which have gained new channels to amplify their discourses in the form of social media, have disseminated disinformation. The propagation of misleading content in the region has increased with the rise of far-right political parties, despite the limitations on internet access that affect part of the population. In 2020, the rate of internet access in Latin America was 73 percent (Kemp 2021). In 2015, it was 56 percent in South America and 43 percent in Central America (Kemp 2015). The region, despite not figuring among the top five most populated regions in the world, such as China, India, and the USA, has become a major market for the main platforms. Brazil is Facebook’s fourthlargest market, with 130 million users, and Mexico is its fifth, with 93 million users. Spanish is the second most spoken language on the platform, with 340 million users, second only to English, with 1.1 billion users. Brazil is Instagram’s third-largest market, with 99 million users, and Mexico is its eighth, with 32 million users. Brazil is YouTube’s third-largest market, with 127 million users, and Mexico is its eighth, with 74.1 million users. Brazil is Twitter’s fifth-largest market, with 16.2 million users, and Mexico is its ninth, with 11 million (Vasconcellos et al. 2020). According to the “Digital News Report 2021” (Reuters Institute 2021), the most used platforms in the region in 2020 were Facebook (59 percent), WhatsApp (40 percent), YouTube (32 percent), Instagram (24 percent), Twitter (15 percent) and Facebook Messenger (12 percent). These data indicate the continued importance of Facebook and the significant role that messaging services have assumed in the region, being major channels for access to and dissemination of information. Latin America and the Caribbean – 82